Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
particularly p. 33, note 26). Koller (1979: 106) also defines translating as the process of transforming a written text of one language (SL) into another language (TL). According to Stein (1980: 67), the translator’s task consists of making the target-language recipient execute the communicative function I 1 originally intended by the source-language text producer. This definition is not accept- able because of value changes implied in ‘communicative function’, unless we agree to reduce this concept to simple cognitive comprehension, which I think would be rather difficult (cf. 3.4., example 4). Toury (1980a: 63) defines “translation in the strict sense” as “the replace- ment of one message, encoded in one natural language, by an equivalent message, encoded in another language”, with “equivalence” referring to any possible or existing relationship between a source and target text. Toury’s concept of equivalence is, therefore, absolutely fuzzy. More definitions of translation as a two-phase communication or transcod- ing process can be found in Jumpelt (1961: 12), Wilss (�1977��1982: 27-50), Koller (1979: 47-88) and Kelly (1979: 35-38), to name but a few scholars. The three most characteristic features of this theory are: (a) translation is regarded as an almost exclusively linguistic operation; (b) cultural phenomena are regarded, if mentioned at all, as difficulties which prevent translation from being completely successful; (c) there is no consideration of the possibility that source and target text may be intended to achieve different functions. In contrast, we will argue that culture is the wider phenomenon, em bracing language, and that there may be situations where a change of function can be justified. (We would even venture to claim that changes of function are by far the more frequent case, as will be shown in the discussion of the following examples.) If taken too seriously, the two-phase model will lead us directly to machine translation. If the rules for transcoding are known, machine translation is pos- sible. These rules can be identified if we know the two language ‘systems’ involved. Jäger’s Marxist translation theory (1975) represents such an extreme position. Seen from this angle, the only reason why machine translation has not been developed to perfection would be that the language ‘systems’ have not been fully understood. Anticipating later considerations, we would like to point out that the assumption that linguistic behaviour can be fully (!) understood is based on the following erroneous presuppositions which have not yet been proved and actually cannot be proved at present: (1) Translation is a biunique, reversible mapping process of communica- tion, and Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 43 (2) translation is a process involving language only, and not the entire human being. We take the view that translating involves certain submolecular brain pro- cesses which have yet to be proved to operate according to laws or rules (cf. Flechtner 1976-1979, Hofstadter �1979��1982). The transition (not in a chronological sense) to ‘functional’ translation theories may be seen in Toury (1980a: 17-18), who claims that translating is more than “the communication of verbal messages across a cultural-linguistic border”, although he does not specify the additional features of “communica tion in translated messages” (Toury 1980a: 18, emphasis in the original). Toury stops just where the work should begin. Van den Broeck (1980) starts from text types. In his distinction of form and function and possible subfunctions of text segments, he comes close to a functional theory without, however, being aware of, let alone developing, such a theory. For him, functions are always linked to text types, conventions and specific circumstances. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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