Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
An ‘information’ theory of translation
Download 1.78 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 3.3.1 Neubert’s source-text typology (1970)
3.3 An ‘information’ theory of translation
Apart from the theory of translation as a two-phase transcoding process we have discussed so far, we have also encountered (albeit less frequently) another theory which defines translational action as ‘information’ about a source text in another language. A precursor of this theory may be found in the views of translation as an ‘interpretation’ of a source text using a target code (cf. for example, Jakobson (�1959��2004: 139 and Kelly 1979: 1 and 25, who seems to agree with Jakobson in principle). We could also understand Gadamer (�1960��2004: 307) in a similar man- ner with regard to mediating information (although he himself had something else in mind) when he compares translating to talking to an interpreter who, in turn, talks to the communication partner. The main representatives of such an ‘information’ theory of translation are Neubert, House and Diller and Kornelius. Their theories, however, only take partial aspects of translation into account. We shall attempt to transform them into a general theory of translational action. 3.3.1 Neubert’s source-text typology (1970) Neubert distinguishes between four types of source texts: 1. Source texts not specifically oriented towards the source language (e.g. user manuals) can easily be detached from their original situation (prag- matics) and adapted to a new target-language setting. Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 44 2. Source texts specifically oriented towards the source language (e.g. legal texts, local news, etc.) are, by definition, untranslatable because they address a source-language audience and are tailored to their specific expectations, needs and habits. When these texts are translated, they are transferred to a totally new setting, or rather, they reflect a communicative situation which is different from that of the target-language audience and therefore cannot be fully comprehended by them. 3. Source texts specifically oriented towards the source language but tran scending it (e.g. fiction) originate from a characteristic situation or need of the source-language audience, but may overcome this limitation because they also have a more generally human dimension. We might say that they have two types of pragmatics, one linked to the source-language audience and another one not linked to any specific audience, the latter being of particular relevance for translation. 4. Source texts specifically oriented towards the target language (e.g. tourist or business information designed for distribution abroad only) are texts which are produced in the source language but directed at a target audi- ence from the start because they are intended to serve as ‘source texts’ for translation only. They are not linked to any specific situation or place and their pragmatics is purely translational. 25 Types 1 and 4 are representative of a two-phase process of communication; in types 2 and 3, a translation informs about a source text (Diller and Kornelius 1978: 4). Neubert’s typology is based on an analysis of text types or genres and on the tacit assumption that each genre has its own well-defined function (except perhaps in the case of type 3). What is not taken into consideration is 25 1. Nicht spezifisch ASgerichtete Texte besitzen eine Pragmatik, die ohne weiteres ablösbar ist und auf einen ZS-Text übertragen werden kann (z.B. Bedienungsanleitungen für eine Maschine). 2. Spezifisch ASgerichtete Texte sind zunächst per definitionem nicht zu über- setzen. Sie sind primär an ein AS-Publikum gerichtet und entsprechend dessen Erwartungen, Bedürfnissen und Gewohnheiten (z.B. Gesetzestexte, Lokalnachrichten u.a.). Werden diese Texte übersetzt, erhalten sie eine ganz neue Pragmatik, bzw. sie widerspiegeln von vornherein eine andere Kommunikationssituation, als sie vom ZS-Hörer oder -Leser voll erfaßt werden kann. Sie sind Information über etwas, was das ZS-Publikum nicht direkt betreffen kann. 3. Sowohl spezifisch ASgerichtete als auch nicht spezifisch ASgerichtete Texte entspringen wohl einer charakteristischen Situation oder einem charakteristischen Bedürfnis des AS-Publikums. Darüber hinaus transzendieren sie diese Bedingtheit und erhalten eine allgemein menschliche Dimension (z.B. schöne Literatur). Diese Texte haben insofern eine doppelte Pragmatik. Für die Übersetzung ist insbesondere diese nicht nur auf das AS-Publikum bezogene Pragmatik von Bedeutung. 4. Spezifisch ZS-gerichtete Texte sind solche Texte, die zwar in der AS verfaßt, jedoch ausschließlich für die Zwecke der Translation gedacht sind. Man hat dabei von Anfang an ein ZS-Publikum im Auge (z.B. Informationen für das Ausland). Hier dient der AS-Text im Grunde nur als Vorlage für die Übersetzung. Seine Pragmatik ist disloziiert. Es handelt sich um eine reine Translationsprag- matik. (Neubert 1970, cited in Spitzbardt 1972: 17) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 45 the cultural aspect, i.e. even a user manual may be designed in a culture-specific way or a dictionary may be structured in line with culture-specific conventions. The translation of an advertising brochure (type 4) will be particularly difficult if the text producer is not aware of the advertising habits and interests of the target audience. Moreover, this target audience may be extremely heteroge- neous: the translation of a brochure with images of Heidelberg University, for example, may be addressed to French and Japanese readers. Neubert’s typology is based on the analysis of text content. For a translation theory, an analysis of functions would be necessary. A text can be intended to fulfil various functions (cf. Reiß 1971�2000�� and 1976a). Therefore, Neubert’s approach is too narrow for a general theory of translation. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling