Transformation

Introduction

According to Schwab (2017) we are at the beginning of a fourth industrial revolution, which began at the turn of this century and builds on the basis of digital revolution of the third industrial revolution. The third industrial revolution began in the 1960s and is usually called the computer or digital revolution because it was driven by the development

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2352-1465  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.139

of semiconductors, mainframe computing (1960s), personal computing (1970s – 1980s) and the internet (1990s). Fourth industrial revolution can be characterized by a much more universal and mobile internet, by smaller and more powerful sensors that have become cheaper, and by artificial intelligence and machine learning. The fourth industrial revolution, however, is not only about smart and connected machines and systems. Its scope is much wider. Occurring simultaneously are waves of further breakthroughs in areas ranging from gene sequencing to nanotechnology, from renewables to quantum computing. It is the fusion of these technologies and their interaction across the physical, digital and biological domains that make the fourth industrial revolution fundamentally different from previous revolutions (Adams 2018, Gontareva et al. 2018, Prainsack and Buyx 2018).

In overall, digital technologies appear to have several disruptive uses and applications, offering radical new ways of manufacturing, buying and selling, organizing, with important consequences on employment (Freddi, 2017) with the emphasis on the lowest qualifications (one additional robot replaces about six workers) and wages (one additional robot per 1,000 workers results in a reduction of 0.25% to 0.5%) (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2017). In light of these driving factors and changes that we face, there is one certainty: New technologies will dramatically change the nature of work across all industries and occupations.
According to Christidis et. al. (2014) and his study “Future employment in transport” there are 6 main factors that can influence employment, skills and quality of work in transport. One of these factors are technological factors. Information technologies applied to transport are probably a crucial innovation cluster that will contribute to make the sector more innovation-friendly than it used to be during the last century. IT applications span from online monitoring of speed, consumption, optimal path, congestion avoidance, driving help and assistance, etc. Those technologies will require a higher degree of qualification and skills of workers in the sector (Madudova, Corejova, Valica 2018).

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