Translation theory

LECTURE V
METHODS AND WAYS OF TRANSLATION NECESSARY FOR GUIDES AND TRANSLATORS
PLAN

• 
  The notion of method and ways
  
• 
  Types of method .
  
• 
  Types of translation ways
  

As translators mentioned there are the concepts translation methods, translation transformations (translation techniques), translation strategies. These concepts have their own functions in translation studies and they help to transferee message from Source text into Target text. As P.Newmark, E.Nide, M.Ordudari mentioned these concepts differ from each other.
Translation methods are targeted to transferee the message in Source language and they used according to the style of Source text. For example, there are five styles of text in Uzbek language. They are publicity (journalistic), official, literary, colloquial. Translator may chose translation methods according to above mentioned the style of the text.
So, translation methods are chosen by translator according to the style of the text and they related to the whole text. For example, adaptation, semantic translation and others.
Translation transformations (translation techniques) used to transferee smaller lexical units in the text. These lexical units may be a word, compound words, cultural word, pharesal verbs, idioms, proverbs, aphorisms and others. For example, transliteration, cultural equivalent, calque and others.
Translation strategy is the plan used at the process of pre-translation and post-translation. According to translation strategy, translator chooses translation method to render the whole text and translation transformation to minor lexical units in text. P.Newmark distinguishes translation methods into two groups: the methods closest to the source language and the methods closest to the target language.

1. 
   Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
   
2. 
   Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
   
3. 
   Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
   
4. 
   Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
   
5. 
   Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
   
6. 
   Plain prose translation. The prose translation of poems and poetic drama initiated by E. V. Rieu for Penguin Books. Usually stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and SL culture retained, whilst no sound-effects are reproduced. The reader can appreciate the sense of the work without experiencing equivalent effect. Plain prose translations are often published in parallel with their originals, to which, careful word-for-word comparison, they provide ready and full access.
   
7. 
   Academic translation. This type of translation, practised in some British universities, reduces an original SL text to an “elegant” idiomatic educated TL version which follows a non-existent; literary register it irons out the expressiveness of a writer with modish colloquialisms.
   
8. 
   Phonemic translation, which attempts to reproduce the SL precisely in TL.
   
9. 
   Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
   
10. 
    Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
    
11. 
    Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
    
12. 
    Service translation, i.e. translation from one's language of habitual use into another language. The term is not widely used, but as the practice is necessary in most countries, a term is required.
    
13. 
    Information translation. This conveys all the information in a non-hierary text, sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarised and not in the form of a paraphrase.
    
14. 
    Cognitive translation. This reproduces the information in a SL message converting the SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative to literal language. I do not know to what extent this is mainly a theoretical or a useful concept, but as a pre-translation procedure it is appropriate in a difficult, complicated stretch of text. A pragmatic component added to produce a semantic or a communicative translation.