Translation theory

Eugene Albert. Nida’s Definition. Nida’s views of translation are mainly embodied in Toward a Science of Translating and The Theory and Practice of Translation, in the former work, he regards translation as a scientific subject and points out that “the transference of a message from one language to another is a valid subject for scientific description” (Nida, 1964, p.3). In the latter one, He proposes the concept of dynamic equivalence and defines translation as “the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (p. 12).

Peter Newmark’s Definition. According to him, “often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988, 2001, p.5). In his opinion, translating a text should begin with a detailed analysis of a text, such as the intention of the text and of the translator, its readership, attitude, to name just a few. In addition, Newmark also considers translation as “a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language” (Newmark, 1982, 2001, p.7).

A. Lilova’s definition: «Translation is a specific oral or written activity aimed at the recreation of an oral or written text (utterance) existing in one language into a text in another language, accompanied by keeping the invariance of content, qualities of the original and author`s authenticity» [12: 33];

R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev’s definition: «Translation is a type of speech activity, aimed at transmitting a message, doubling the components of communication in those cases, when there is a discrepancy between codes used by the sender and the receiver of the message» [13: 226];

V. S. Vinogradov: «Translation is a process (and its result) caused by social necessity of information (content) transmitting, expressed in a written or oral text in one language by the means of an equivalent (adequate) text in another language» [4: 11];

Gaybulla Salomov’s definition: “the main content of translation is creative process, the word art consist of recreating with other language devices”.

Kudrat Musayev’s definition. According to him “translation – complicated form of human activity is creative process consists of recreating speech expression created in one language saving its form and content on the basis of other language devices ”.

9. 
   Ibrohim Gofurov’s definition: translation is transferring or substituting speaker’s speech, aouther’s work, different documents and information from one language into another language.
   
10. 
    Omon Muminov’s definition: “translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. During the process of translation the speaker should focus on each message: who the sender of the message is, the intention or purpose of the speaker, when and where the action is taken place and how the message is delivered”.
    

It is necessary to understand the aim and task of the translation at the beginning of the course.
The aim of translation is to recreate text written by linguistic devices of mother language on the basis of linguistic devices of foreign language. To achieve this, at first translator should understand the content of source text completely, then express it in target language as the source language.
To perceive literal-esthetic reality created by author completely translator should have much incomprehensible opportunity, understand structural and stylistic-esthetic peculiarities of linguistic devices in literary work, image the main idea thought by author, his intention and aims, reality under the text, not only linguistic factors but also extra-linguistic factors. As a result, reader of target text should understand the text as the source text.
The task of translation is to learn similarities and differences between lexical, grammatical, and stylistic peculiarities of source and target languages and to recreate the concordance of the form and content of target text by the help of source text.
So, every translator intends to translate pragmatic translation which is the same text to the source text. To achieve this success translator should get comprehension about the grammatical, lexical, stylistic, linguocultural problems of source and target languages.