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   The orign of American literature
   

Like other national literatures, American literature has been shaped by the history of the country that produced it. For nearly a century and a half, the Americas were just a series of colonies scattered along the east coast of the North American continent - colonies from which some brave souls have ventured West. After a successful uprising against the homeland, America became the United States of America, one nation.

By the end of the 19th century, the country extended south to the Gulf of Mexico, north to the 49th parallel, and west to the Pacific Ocean. By the end of the 19th century, she had also taken her place among the world's great powers - her fortunes were so intertwined with the fortunes of other nations that she was no doubt drawn into it. two world wars and, as a result of these conflicts, in the affairs of Europe and East Asia. Meanwhile, the development of science and industry, as well as changes in the way of thinking and feeling, have brought about many changes in people's lives. All these factors in the development of the United States have shaped the literature of this country. This article traces the history of American poetry, drama, fiction, and literary and social criticism from the early 17th century to the early 21st century. For a description of Native spoken and written literature Americas, see Native American literature. Although African-American contributions to American literature are discussed in this article, see African-American literature for an in-depth treatment. ¹
For more information on literary traditions related to American literature in English and sometimes overlapping, see English literature and Canadian literature: Canadian literature in English. In America, in the early 18th century, some writers, such as Cotton Mather, continued old traditions. His great history and biographies of the New England Puritans, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1702, and the Manuductio ad Ministryium, or Introduction to the Ministry, 1726, are defenses of ancient Puritan beliefs. Jonathan Edwards, the initiator of the Great Awakening, a religious revival that has rocked the East Coast for years, eloquently defended his burning belief in Calvinism - the notion that man, born turned out to be completely corrupt, unable to achieve virtue and salvation by the grace of God alone - in his powerful sermons and especially in his philosophical treatise Free Will (1754).
He reinforced his claims by attaching them to a complex metaphysical system and argued brilliantly in clear and often beautiful prose. But Mather and Edwards are defending a doomed cause. Liberal New England ministers such as John Wise and Jonathan Mayhew switched to a less rigid religion. Samuel Sewall published other changes in his Fun Diary, covering the years 1673-1729. Though sincerely devout, in his daily notes he showed how commercial life in New England had replaced rigid Puritanism with more mundane attitudes. Sara Kemble Knight's diary humorously details her trip to New York in 1704. She vividly wrote about what she saw and commented on it from the perspective of an Orthodox believer, but the gentle quality of her spiritual writings suggests that she much less enthusiastic than the Pilgrim founders. In the South, William Byrd of Virginia, an aristocratic planter, stood in stark contrast to his darker predecessors. His account of the survey trip in 1728, The History of the Divide, and the account of his visit to the frontier estates in 1733, The Journey to the Land of Eden, are the authors. his main product. His years in England, on the Continent, and among Southern nobles produced a cheerfulness and grace in expression, and though a devout Anglican, Byrd was as cheerful as the spirits. of the Renaissance whose works he clearly admired. .
The turmoil of the American Revolution highlighted the differences that had developed between American and British political concepts. As the colonists believed that rebellion was inevitable, they fought the hard war and tried to form a new national government, they were influenced by a number of political writers. effective, such as Samuel Adams and John Dickinson, both sympathetic to the settlers and loyal to them. Joseph Galloway. But there are two figures above them: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine.²
Franklin, born in 1706, began publishing his articles in his brother's newspaper, the New England Courant, as early as 1722. This newspaper fought for the cause of the farmer and the man." Leather apron" and calls for the use of understandable language and factual reasoning. . The idea that common sense is a good guide is evident even in Poor Richard's famous almanac, which Franklin edited between 1732 and 1757 and is filled with careful and witty aphorisms attributed to Richard Saunders, uneducated but experienced in writing, and in the Author's Autobiography, written between 1771 and 1788, a record of his rise from humble circumstances, offers wise suggestions on the above. world for future success.
Franklin's extensive and extensive culture gave quality and skill to the various articles, pamphlets and reports he wrote on the dispute with Britain, many of which were extremely effective in articulating and shaping the causes of settlers. Thomas Paine moved from his native England to Philadelphia and became a magazine editor and then, for about 14 months, the most effective propagandist for the colonial cause. His pamphlet Common Sense (January 1776) did much to get the colonists to declare independence. The Diary of the American Crisis (December 1776 to December 1783) motivated Americans to fight in the darkest years of the war. Based on Paine's simple divine beliefs, they presented the conflict as a moving melodrama with the settlers being angelic against the forces of evil. Such black and white images are very effective propaganda. Another reason for Paine's success is his poetic fervor, expressed in passionate words and phrases that will be long remembered and quoted. In the post-war era, some of these eloquents no longer succeeded in getting them heard. Thomas Paine and Samuel Adams lacked constructive ideas to appeal to those who wanted to form a new government. Others were better off, such as Franklin, whose tolerance and common sense were evident in his speeches at the constitutional convention. Yet another group of authors became leaders in the new era—Thomas Jefferson and the gifted Federal Review Writer, a series of 85 essays published in 1787 and 1788 urging the point of the proposed new constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. More distinguished for their insight into government affairs and cold logic than for their eloquence, these works have become a classic statement on American government theory and republican theory in general. At the time, they were very effective in influencing lawmakers who were voting on a new constitution. Hamilton, who probably wrote 51 Federalist papers, became leader of the Federalist Party and, as first Secretary of the Treasury (1789-1795), wrote messages that increased his power of the national government in state spending. Government.
Thomas Jefferson was an influential political writer during and after the war. The value of his great compendium, the Declaration of Independence, consists, as Madison pointed out, "in the lucid communication of human rights... in a style and tone appropriate to the After the war, he presented the exact tenets of his faith in various magazines, but more lavishly in his paintings. letter and inaugural address, in which he urged individual liberties and local self-government - a theory of decentralization that differs from Hamilton's belief in a strong federal government. Although he believed that all men are created equal, Jefferson believed that a "natural aristocracy" with "virtue and talent" should hold high positions in government.
Poetry became a weapon during the American Revolution, with both loyalists and Continentals urging their forces on, stating their arguments, and celebrating their heroes in verse and songs such as “Yankee Doodle,” “Nathan Hale,” and “The Epilogue,” mostly set to popular British melodies and in manner resembling other British poems of the period.
The most memorable American poet of the period was Philip Freneau, whose first well-known poems, Revolutionary War satires, served as effective propaganda; later he turned to various aspects of the American scene. Although he wrote much in the stilted manner of the Neoclassicists, such poems as “The Indian Burying Ground,” “The Wild Honey Suckle,” “To a Caty-did,” and “On a Honey Bee” were romantic lyrics of real grace and feeling that were forerunners of a literary movement destined to be important in the 19th century. Poetry became a weapon during the American Revolution, with both loyalists and Continentals urging their forces on, stating their arguments, and celebrating their heroes in verse and songs such as “Yankee Doodle,” “Nathan Hale,” and “The Epilogue,” mostly set to popular British melodies and in manner resembling other British poems of the period.
The most memorable American poet of the period was Philip Freneau, whose first well-known poems, Revolutionary War satires, served as effective propaganda; later he turned to various aspects of the American scene. Although he wrote much in the neoclassical style, poems such as "The Indian Burying Ground", "The Wild Honey Suck", "To a Caty-did" and "On a Honey Bee" are romantic lyrics. romantic with real grace. and sentimental precursor to an important literary movement in the 19th century. After the American Revolution, and increasingly after the War of 1812, American writers were encouraged to produce real indigenous literature. As if in response, four authors of very respectable stature appeared. William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper and Edgar Allan Poe initiated half a century of literary greatness. ³
Bryant, a native of New England, gained attention in his 23rd year when the first version of his poem "Thanatopsis" (1817) appeared. This poem and several later poems were written under the influence of 18th-century English poets. Later, however, under the influence of Wordsworth and other Romantics, he wrote the lyrics. Nature songs vividly describe the New England landscape. Moving on to journalism, he had a long career as the liberal editor of The Evening Post. He himself has been overshadowed, in reputation at least, by a native New Yorker, Washington Irving.
Irving, the youngest member of a prosperous merchant family, teamed up with sassy youths in the city to produce The Salmagundi Diary (1807-1808), which satirizes the weaknesses of Manhattan citizens. This was followed by A History of New York (1809), by "Diedrich Knickerbocker", a humorous tale that mocks didactic scholarship and attacks long-standing Dutch families. Irving's role models in these works are clearly the British neoclassical satirists, whom he learned to write in a brilliant, brilliant style. Later, having met Sir Walter Scott and became acquainted with German imaginative literature, he introduced a new romantic note in The Sketch Book (1819–20), Bracebridge Hall (1822) and other other works. He was the first American writer to earn the unconditional (if somewhat surprising) respect of British critics.
James Fenimore Cooper is even more widely known. Modeled on Sir Walter Scott's novel "Waverley", he accomplished his work brilliantly in the short story "Leatherstocking" (1823-1841), a five-volume set that celebrates the career of a great pioneer Big name is Natty Bumppo. His skill in weaving history into creative storylines and characterizing his countrymen made him famous not only in the US and UK but also in mainland Europe. Edgar Allan Poe, raised in the South, lives and works as an author and publisher in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Richmond, and New York. His work is largely shaped by the analytical abilities evident in his role as an editor: time and time again, he assesses the tastes of his readers with such precision that The magazine circulation under his leadership skyrocketed impressively. This shows in his critical essays, where he clearly explains and logically applies his criteria. His Gothic horror stories were written in accordance with his discoveries as he researched the most popular magazines of the time. His horrifying masterpieces - "The Fall of House Usher" (1839), "Mask of the Red Death" (1842), "The Barrel of Amontillado" (1846) and others - were written according to a careful method. our psychological method. The same goes for his detective novels, such as "Les Meurtres de la rue Morgue" (1841), considered by historians to be the first of its kind. As a poet, he made a name for himself with his work "Le Corbeau" (1845). His works, especially his critical writings and carefully crafted poems, were perhaps more influential in France, where they were translated by Charles Baudelaire, than in his own country.

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