Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

What are primary ways of forming phraseological units?

A. V. Kunin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming;
Primary ways of forming phraseological units are on the basis of a free word group.
• In Modern English the formation of phraseological units can be based on transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. "launching pad" in its terminological meaning is "стартоваяплошаДка”, in its transferred meaning- "отправнойпункт". "to link up"- стыковаться, стыковатькосмическиекорабли, in its transformed meaning it means "знакомиться":
PhUs They can be formed by using archaisms, for example "in brown study", means "in gloomy meditation" where both components preserve their archaic meanings;
They can be formed by using a sentence from a different sphere of life, like "that cock won't fight" can be used as a free word-group in can be used as a free word-group in sports (cock fighting), but it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, in the meaning 'a useless effort or deal":
Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, for example "a sad sack" - "несчастныйслучай", "culture vulture" "человекинтересующийсяискусством", "fudge and nudge" - "уклончивость";
They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, for example "My aunt!", "Hear, hear!" etc;
They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, for example, "odds and ends " was formed from "odd ends"
PhUs are formed from free word groups by transforming their meaning, for example "Troyan horse" компьютернаяпрораммапреднамеренносоставленнаядляповреждениякомпьютера", They can be formed when we use some unreal image, for example, "to get butterflies in one's stomach" "испытыватьволнение", "to have green fingers" "преуспеватькаксадовод-любитель", etc.
They are formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, for example "corridors of power". "American dream", "the winds of change".
PhUs can be made by contrast, for example "cold surgery "a planned before operation" was formed by contrasting it with "acute surgery", "thin cat" - "a poor person" was formed by contrasting it with "fat cat":
Shortening of proverbs or sayings is another way to making a PhU, as by means of clipping the middle of the proverb "You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear" a PhU "to make a sow's ear" was formed, meaning "to be mistaken".

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