Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

A prepositional PhU is a phrase used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object;
With respect to
Because of
With regard to
At odds with smb
At the expense of
At the hands of
At the latest
At the mercy of, etc.

82. 
    What is a linguocultureme? Give its lexical and phraseological examples in English and Uzbek/Russian
    

The term "linguocultureme" was introduced into Linguistics by V.V. Vorobiev
• A linguocultureme is a complex language element which represents a unity of both linguistic (sign, meaning) and extra-linguistic (notion, object) contents, where `extralinguistic' includes nationally specific components of meaning;
• A nationally specific semantic component in a language unit (including PhUs) reflects the correlation between the form of a verbal sign, its semantic content and cultural sense.
Examples from lecture:
• Food and drinks: gin and tonic, fish and chips;
• Clothes: pea jacket, cap and gown;
• Transport: double decker, Oyster card;
• Folklore: Robin Hood, King Arthur;
• Customs: Baker's dozen, Hobson's choice;
• Holidays: Guy Hawk's Day, Boxing Day;
• Arts and literature: green-eyed monster;
• Proverbs: An Englishman's home is his castle, etc.
Examples:
English: ale, toast, brandy, bisquit, to set the Thames on fire, kick the bucket, French fries, as poor as a church mouse, to oil one’s palm, To fight like Kilkenny cats, To grin like a Cheshire cat, clever Dick, Darby and Joan, To be a doubting Thomas, to set the Thames on fire.
Uzbek: somsa, atala, gap, choyxona, yopilgan qozon yopiqligicha qolsin, kemaga tushganni joni bir, sabr kosasi to’ldi, Buzoqni yugurgani somonxonagacha.
Russian: хоровод, каша, кулич, русская печь, “человек в футляре”, “червонная суббота”, Последняя капля переполняет чашу, голубая кровь, цыплят по осени считают, Царев гнев - посол смерти. Царевы слуги не жалеют ноги, достать луну с неба.

83. 
    What is a connotative meaning? What changes can it go through?