Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are:
a) conversion: to vote with one’s feet → vote with one’s feet;
b) changing the grammar form: make hay while the sun shines →to make hay while the sun shines;
c) analogy: curiosity killed the cat → care killed the cat;
d) contrast: acute surgery → cold surgery; fat cat → thin cat;
e) shortening of proverbs or sayings: you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear → to make a sow’s ear;
f) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans: living space (German), to take the bull by the horns ( Latin); or by means of phonetic borrowings: meche blanche (French), corpse d’elite (French), sotto voce (Italian) etc.

50. 
    What types of phraseological units are included into “nominative” category by A.V.Kunin?
    

In the traditional structural approach, the following principal groups of phraseological units are distinguishable.

1. 
   Nominative-verbal (to sit pretty, to talk through one’s hat нести чушь)
   
2. 
   Nominative-substantive (dog’s life; white lies; red tape)
   
3. 
   Nominative-adjectival (safe and sound, weak as a kitten; nervous as a cat)
   
4. 
   Nominative-adverbial (high and low; in cold blood; to the bitter end)
   
5. 
   Nominative-interjectional (восклиц) (my God!; good Heavens!)
   

51. 
    Can phraseological units have a semantic structure? Justify your opinion
    

Semantic structure of a phraseological unit is wider than its meaning as it not only includes the denotative and connotative components, but is also characterized by the type of grammatical meaning as well as its systematic linguistic and speech relations. Although phraseological units share figurativeness and relative stability, they may also be motivated and unmotivated/non-motivated. Also, we can find Idiomatic, Idiophraseomatic and phraseomatic meanings in the semantic structure of phraseological units.

52. 
    What is an evaluative function? Provide examples
    

Evaluative function –describing objective or subjective attitude to the object of speech by good/bad criteria (positive, negative or neutral): E.g. As bold as brass, a dog in the manger, a snake in the grass; a heart of gold, be on the ball- to be quick to understand and react to things (быть умным и способным), plain as the nose on your face – very obvious (как на ладони), bag of bones ( кожа да кости).

53. 
    How is motivation related to idiomaticity?
    

The components of the PhUs come to be used in “phraseologically bound meanings”, thus often acquiring “idiomaticity”, or lack of motivation. Idiomaticity is a term frequently used to denote the lack of motivation from the point of view of foreign language learners and their mother tongue.

54. 
    Find 5 PhUs with a weather component in English/Russian/Uzbek and analyse their types
    

«To be in a fog» – to be embarrassed, when a person has not clear vision of the situation
«A mist before one’s eyes» – somebody has not a clear vision of the situation as if a mist prevents somebody to see clear;
«Somebody’s mind is in haze» means light-headed actions and thoughts
«It rains cats and dogs»- something that you say when it is raining heavily
“(as) right as rain”- feeling completely well or healthy, typically after an illness or minor accident.
Как снег на голову (совершенно неожиданно, внезапно)
Держать руль по ветру (применяться к обстоятельствам, беспринципно меняя свои убеждения, своё поведение)
Словно грибы после дождя (быстро, в большом количестве возникать, появляться)
Ни холодно, ни жарко, (совершенно безразлично, всё равно кому-либо)
Снежная баба (человеческая фигура, слепленная из снега; снеговик)
qor ostida qor bo'lmoq - ortiqcha ishlamoq
ob-havo ostida bo'l - kasal bo'l
shamolda burish - sustlash
ostida va bulut - shubha ostida
yomg'ir kabi to'g'ri - mukammal tartibda
yomg'irli kun uchun - yomg'irli kun uchun
ko'kdan bolt - boshdagi qor kabi

55. 
    What types of cognitive structures can be represented by PhUs?
    

Cognitive Linguistics as a branch of Linguistics which regards the language as a cognitive mechanism of representing, storing and transmitting knowledge layers; Knowledge structures can be of the following types: frame, scenario, schema, gestalt, concept.

56. 
    What is the principle of “functionalism” as a linguistic trend?
    

The approach to language study that is concerned with the functions performed by language, primarily in terms of cognition (relating information), expression (indicating mood), and conation (exerting influence).
Functional approaches contribute to an understanding of the relationship between contexts of language use and the communicative competence of speakers in those contexts. A functional approach analyses language as a tool which performs many tasks, and in terms of the uses, or functions, that language or language units, perform in speech/utterance

57. 
    What is an archaism? Provide phraseological examples
    

Archaism is an old word or expression that is no longer used with its original meaning or is only used in specific studies or areas. The word archaism is derived from the Greek word archaïkós meaning “ancient.”
«in brown study» means «in gloomy meditation» where both components preserve their archaic meanings;
“ to thine own self in true”- be true to yourself' or 'don't do anything that would go against your true nature

58. 
    What is a pragmatic function? How is it related withPhUs?
    

The major function of any unit of language including the phraseological unit is the pragmatic function, i.e. purposeful influence of a language sign on the addressee;
The pragmatic orientation is peculiar to any text, and phraseological units can intensify the pragmatic factor through a number of functions: stylistic, cumulative, evaluative, expressive, directive, descriptive, etc.

59. 
    What meanings can be found in the semantic structure of the word?
    

The semantic structure of a word consists of a set of meanings: grammatical and lexical (consisting of denotative and connotative meanings). Denotative – reflecting features of the denotatum – “what is named”. Connotative - reflecting additional shades of meaning, which are inherent in the semantic structure of the word components and present a complex cognitive unity with it, by expressing objective or subjective emotional, evaluative attitude of the speaker to the subject of the nomination, adding specific stylistic colouring, imagery and speech style. Grammatical meaning is the meaning conveyed in a sentence by word order and other grammatical signals (structural meaning).

60. 
    Define the types of borrowed words according to classification:
    

• 
  Bon voyage
  
• 
  Flop the test
  
• 
  Pandora’s box
  

Bon voyage- used to express good wishes to someone about to set off on a journey. Origin: French. Foreign PhUs in original form.
• Flop the test - to fail completely. Intralingual ph unit. Origin: American English
• Pandora’s box- a process that once begun generates many complicated problems. Interlingual phraseological unit. Origin: Pandora's story comes to us from ancient Greek mythology, specifically a set of epic poems by Hesiod, called the Theogony and Works and Days.

61. 
    How are conceptual metaphors in PhUs created? Give examples
    

Many conceptual metaphors originally developed because of basic human experiences, and that is why they occur in so many languages, even when the languages are not related. For example, the idea “up/high” refers to large quantities because when more things are added to a pile, it becomes higher and more important. “Up” expresses ideas of increases in size, strength, or importance: Fees have gone up again.

62. 
    What do you understand as semantic motivation?
    

• 
  The word group is semantically motivated when the meaning of this phraseological unit can be easily deduced from the meanings of its forms
  

63. 
    What is the difference between nominative and nominative-communicative phraseological units? Provide examples
    

• 
  Nominative PhUs are represented by stable word groups performing the naming function in speech, and designating objects, acts, states, phenomena, conditions, qualities and etc. They are represented by substantive, adjectival and adverbial PhUs, and may have one or more notional words in their structure. E.g. “bag of bones”- very thin person, substantive PhUs.
  
• 
  Nominative-communicative PhUs include stable word groups of the type “to break the ice” which can be transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the passive voice- “The ice was broken by one of the children starting to sing a carol” . Nominative-communicatve PhUs can be represented by both collocations and sentences.
  

64. 
    Explain the theory of conceptual blending in PhUs and give examples
    

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