Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd
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Phraseology (the latest) (копия)
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- Stylistic function
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Examples:
He will make his mark, sure as a gun! She will get this position, as sure as shooting (AME) (definitely); Would you mind waiting? -Not at all! (definitely not); Do you know this guy? - You bet I do! (you may be sure; certainly); Can you help me in this project? - Not for love or money! (not for any inducement or in any circumstances); Sorry, I could not get tickets to this concert - What a sell! (annoyance). When pigs fly- When pigs fly I'll go out on a date with you. Not in a million years- I never would have guessed in a million years! For sure- It’s nice to get something for free, that’s for sure. For definite- A: When’s the wedding going to be? April? B: April the seventeenth for definite. No way- I'm sorry but there's no way we can help you. What verbal PhUs represent semi-idioms? Give examples PhUs with ideophraseomatic meaning represent semi-idioms. Examples: to cut and run, to be between two fires Ideopraseomatic verbal Ph. units are partially motivated units with one of the components in its connotative meaning while others may be in their transferred meanings; A.V. Kunin terms them semi-idioms; • E.g.: to crown it all —to show smth is the final event in a series of particularly fortunate or unfortunate events: It was cold and raining, and, to crown it all, we had to walk home; • To cut and run - (infml) make a speedy departure from a difficult situation rather than deal with it, to escape; To open old wounds To have green fingers To say goodbye To call names What types of stylistic functions can PhUs express? Give examples Stylistic function is actualized through expressing of one of the connotative meanings which can be of 4 types: 1. functional (reflecting the sphere of usage of the word) – (sl.) to kick the bucket /(fml.) to join the majority; 2. evaluative (positive, negative or neutral) – a dog in the manger/a heart of gold; 3. emotive (rendering the attitude of the speaker, pleasant or unpleasant)- a sight for sore eyes/ work like a horse; 4. expressive (containing an image of pragmatic value) – ugly as sin/as clear as crystal; Besides these functions, also the functions of hyperbolization and intensity represent the sub-kinds of the stylistic function: Make a mountain out of a molehill; All the world and his wife; How are phraseological units with idiomatic meaning called by Vinogradov V.V./Amosova N.N./Kunin A.V.? Give examples What types of meanings can be found in the semantic structure of a word? What is a lexical valency? Provide examples What prepositional PhUs do you know? What are their types? Give examples What verbal PhUsare called paired? Provide examples What is the difference between free and stable word-groups? Provide examples What is the derivational role of communicative PhUs? What PhUs can we call ‘stylistically coloured’? What criteria for linguistic classification ofPhUs do you know? Find 5 PhUs with an animal component in English/Russian/Uzbek and analyse their types What language function is called metalinguistic? Metalinguistic function means comment on the language itself. This function is the use of language to discuss or describe itself. It focuses attention upon the code itself, to clarify it or negotiate it. Define which of the phraseological units is nominative?/nominative-communicative?/communicative?/interjectional? Oh boy! - interjectional Big cheese - nominative - adjectival To cut the cord - nominative - verbal An apple a day keeps a doctor away What synonymic expressions for describing idioms exist in Linguistics? - in the sense of phrase - a group of words which, when used together, have a different meaning from the one suggested by the individual words, eg it was raining cats and dogs - in the sense of language - the characteristic vocabulary or usage of a person or group - in the sense of expression - a particular phrase used conventionally to express something - in the sense of jargon - specialized language relating to a particular subject, profession, or group full of the jargon and slang of self-improvement courses -in the sense of locution - a word, phrase, or expression What types of borrowed phraseological units do you know? Provide examples with their origins Achilles’ heel or the heel of Achilles (a weak point or a small fault in a person or a system that might cause a failure) refers to Achilles in Homer’s Iliad. As a child, Achilles’ mother, the goddess Thetis, dipped him in the magic waters of the river Styx to coat his body so that no weapon could penetrate; however, she was holding him by the heel, and this part became vulnerable. During the Trojan War, Achilles was killed in a battle after being wounded in the heel The phraseological unit to burn the candle at both ends (to lead a busy life during the day and also to go to bed late at night, especially to have a full social life) is the translation of the French Bruloient la chandelle par less deux bouts. Originally the phrase meant ‘to waste material wealth,’ but then it acquired a more common meaning of wasting of one’s strength. If someone daydreams or makes plans that will never come true, we can say that he or she builds castles in the air or builds castles in Spain. The phrase came to English from French un chateau en Espagne (a castle in Spain). The French dreamers were building their castles in far off Spain The American phraseological unit climb a sour tree (go to blazes; go to hell) was first recorded in the early 1900 but is probably older. Some authorities say that an eager beaver (an overly zealous person, one who tries to impress others with enthusiasm and hard work) originated during World War II. It applied to recruits who volunteered for absolutely everything Describe the secondary ways for creating phraseological units and provide examples Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another ph.unit. They are: - Conversion, for ex. “vote with your feet” was converted to vote with your feet - Changing the grammatical form, for ex. “make hay while the sun is shining” is transferred to the verbal phrase – “make hay while the sun is shining” - The analogy, for ex. “curiosity killed the cat” was moved to “care killed the cat” - Contrast, for ex. “cold surgery” – “planned before surgery” was formed by contrasting it with “acute surgery”, “thin cat” – “poor person” was formed by contrasting it with “fat cat” - Shortening of Proverbs or sayings e.g. from the proverb “from a pig’s ear a silk purse won’t do” by cutting its middle formed phraseological unit “to make a pig’s ear” with the value “wrong” - Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e.g. “living space”(German), “to take the bull by the horns”(Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings “meche blanche”(French), “sotto voce”(Italian)ect. Find 5 PhUs formed metaphorically and analyse their types Darby and Joan - A happily married elderly couple. - Счастливо женатая пожилая пара. – by V.V.Vinogradov phras.unity – by Amosova idiom – by A.V.Kunin Nominative-substantive-idiomatic To rob a cradle - o date or marry someone who is much younger - ограбить колыбель - by V.V.Vinogradov phras.unity – by Amosova idiom – by A.V.Kunin Nominative-verbal-idiomatic A breath of fresh air - someone or something that is new and different and makes everything seem more exciting: Angela's so cheerful and lively - she's like a breath of fresh air when she visits. - Глоток свежего воздуха - by V.V.Vinogradov phras.fusion – by Amosova idiom – by A.V.Kunin Nominative-adjectival-phraseomatic To stick in the mud - someone who is old-fashioned and too serious and avoids enjoyable activities: My dad's a real stick-in-the-mud. - синий чулок. отстала от жизни, застрять в грязи - by V.V.Vinogradov phras.unity – by Amosova idiom – by A.V.Kunin Nominative-verbal- idiomatic To have teething problems - problems connected with a new product, or problems at the beginning of a process or activity - иметь проблемы с зубами - проблемы роста. трудности роста. проблемами роста. - by V.V.Vinogradov phras.unity – by Amosova idiom – by A.V.Kunin Nominative-verbal- idiophraseomatic What is the difference between stylistic and nominative functions? Nominative function is used to describe the objects and phenomena, their state, qualities etc. Stylistic function, on the other hand, is an aspect of language function. According to Alo (1998), language function can be explained in two ways. Firstly, it refers to the specific use to which a writer or speaker puts the language (i.e. description, explanation, argument, persuasion, humour etc). What phraseosemantic groups of verbal PhUs can you suggest? Provide examples Phraseomatic verbal PhUs represents traditional combinations of words, mostly without metaphoric or metonymic transfer of meaning and based on connotative meanings of their polysemantic components. In V.V.Vinogradov’s classification they are named phraseological combinations, in N.N.Amosova’s – traditionally fixed phrases: to make a long short, to wring one’s hands, to break the news, to curl one’s lips Find 3 PhUs with different degree of transparency of meaning and analyse their types To kick the bucket - the idiomatic meaning of which (to die) does not follow from combining the separate meanings of kick and bucket. To set the thames on fire - (idiomatic) To achieve something amazing; to do something which brings great public acclaim. What is a denotative meaning? How does it differ in words and PhUs? Provide examples Denotation is the objective meaning of a word. The term comes from the Latin word “denotationem,” meaning “indication.” The denotation of a word is its literal definition—its dictionary definition—and contains no emotion. This is in contrast to connotation, which is the subjective or associated meaning of a word. This is in contrast to connotation, which is the subjective or associated meaning of a word. As previously mentioned, denotative meaning is the literal, explicit, dictionary definition of a word. Here are some examples of denotative meaning: "Jacob ate pancakes with some apples and different toppings". “Monica was a green dress for the summer ball. She looked beautiful ”. “A snake entered the villa while I was eating with my family”. Apples, green, and snake are words used with denotative meanings. There are no hidden meanings. In the first sentence, the word apples refer to fruits with red or green skins. In the second sentence, the word green refers to the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum. In the third sentence, the word snake refers to the long, venomous reptile. But all these words can also have a connotative meaning if they are placed in a different context: "Mike is the apple of my eye". In this case, the word apple is used by the speaker to describe someone they truly cherish, and are extremely fund of. “I'm green with envy because Ella met my favorite singer”. In this case, the word green is used metaphorically to describe a feeling of envy. "She told me not to trust Tom because he is a snake". In this case, the word snake refers to somebody evil and untrustworthy. Identify free and stable word-groups Red flower Give and take Spill the milk Meet each other halfway Why is phraseology called “the storage of nation’s wisdom”? Give examples What semantic groups of phraseological units do you know? What is nominative-communicative phraseological unit? Provide examples How is ‘conceptual blending’ created? Give examples What is the difference between idiophraseomatic and phraseomatic meanings? Provide examples What criteria for classification of set expressions can you suggest? What is the role of world knowledge in semantic transparency of PhUs? What are the functions of phraseological euphemisms? Which verbal PhUs are nominative-communicative? Give examples Find 3 PhUs being analogues in English/Uzbek or Russian and explain their conceptual conformity Which of the following phraseological units have stylistic/cumulative/voluntative functions? A heart of gold Wish you well In two minds Do in Rome as Romans do What is the phraseomatic meaning and how is it developed? Provide examples What types of translation strategies of PhUs do you know? What class of PhUs do we call “a phraseosemantic group”? What is a deictic function of PhUs? Provide examples Find 5 phraseological linguoculturemes with body components in English/Uzbek or Russion and explain their cultural diversity Which phraseological unit was formed through primary and which by secondary way? American dream Care killed the cat How is a phraseological unit with phraseomatic meaning classified by Vinogradov V.V.? Give examples Find 5 phrasal verbs with preposition ‘out’and explain their motivation What functions can be performed by verbal PhUs? Give examples What types of adjectival phraseological units do you know? Provide examples Make up a phraseosemantic group of adjectival PhUs describing appearance Explain the classification of PhUs by Amosova N.N. with examples What stylistic functions can phraseologisms perform in speech? What functional classes of PhUs is suggested by Kunin A.V.? Give examples What linguistic functions were traditionally prescribed to language? How is the ‘blended space’ of PhUs composed? Give examples Find synonyms of the phraseme ‘to lose one’s temper’ and analyse their idiomaticity Give examples of proverbs and sayings which express gender inequality in English, Uzbek and Russian Make up a phraseosemantic group of anthropocentric PhUs expressing character Additional information: (Substantive idiomatic PhUs are those with fully or partially transferred meanings based on metaphor or metonymy; Substantive PhUs may denote only persons, or objects, or both;) Download 68.51 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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