Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

- be in the same position (Stable WG)
- be in the same boat (train, ship) (Free WG).
Phraseomatic meaning, according to A.V. Kunin, is invariant of information expressed by means of discrete language units, having non-transferred but complicated meanings. For example: Better late than never, An apple a day keeps a doctor away.

73. 
    What are ‘anti-proverbs’? Explain the cognitive process of their formation with examples
    

An anti-proverb or a perverb is the transformation of a standard proverb for humorous effect. Paremiologist Wolfgang Mieder defines them as "parodied, twisted, or fractured proverbs that reveal humorous or satirical speech play with traditional proverbial wisdom".
For example: Put your burger where your mouth is.
A few expressive anti-proverbs that include humor as well as social comments, the traditional proverb text is cited first: Too many cooks spoil the broth - Too many legislators spoil reform;

74. 
    What is a hyponym? Provide examples of hyponymicPhUs
    

Hyponym is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class. Hyponymic phraseological group of food examples are “fish and chips”, “egg and bacon”, “French fries”, “egg benedict”, “margherita pizza”, “welsh rabbit”

75. 
    What is the commonly accepted definition of a stable word group?
    

According to A.V.Kunin, the author of English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary, phraseological units are 'stable word groups with partially or fully transferred meanings' (Kunin 1996).

According to Rosemarie Glaser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in the text.

76. 
    How do proverbs and sayings differ from quotations? Give examples
    

Proverbs are short sentences, usually known by many people, stating something commonly experienced or giving advice, usually of ancient origin, that express effectively some commonplace truth or useful thought, e.g.: - "Slow and steady wins the race";
SAYING is a well-known and wise statement made by famous people, which has a holistic meaning that is different from the direct meanings of the words it contains. A saying is an often repeated and familiar expression, of phraseomatic character, e.g. Better late than never!
Quotations are different from proverbs in their origin; They come from literature but soon become part and parcel of the language, so that many people using them do not even know that they are quoting; To be or not to be? (Hamlet)

77. 
    What are primary ways of forming PhUs? Provide examples
    

A. V. Kunin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming;
Primary ways of forming phraseological units are on the basis of a free word-group;
In Modern English the formation of phraseological units can be based on transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. "launching pad" in its terminological meaning is "стартоваяплощадка", in its transferred meaning "отправнойпункт".
PhUs are formed from free word groups by transforming their meaning, for example "Troyan horse"-компьютернаяпрограмма, преднамеренносоставленнаядляповреждениякомпьютера";
Shortening of proverbs or sayings is another way to making a PhU, as by means of clipping the middle of the proverb "You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear" a PhU "to make a sow's ear" was formed, meaning "to be mistaken".

78. 
    What is the voluntative function? Provide examples
    

The semantic functions of expressing one's will are voluntative (from Latin voluntas-will); The voluntative function is the function of expressing will, order or instruction: E. g.: to wish smb well- to wish good luck, success to smb: E.g. I wish Jane Fairfax very well; but she tires me to death (J. Austen).
Make hay while the sun shines (proverb);

79. 
    What is the subject matter of Linguoculturology?
    

V.V. Vorobiev defines it as "an integrated scientific discipline studying correlation and interaction of the culture and the language in their functioning and reflecting this process as an integral structure of the units in both linguistic and extra linguistic contents"
V.V. Krasnikh considers Linguoculturology to be "a discipline studying demonstration, reflection and fixation of the culture in the language and discourse"
V.N. Teliya defines it as "a study aiming to investigate and describe the correlation of the language and culture"

80. 
    What classification of PhUs was made by I.V.Arnold?
    

Phraseological units classified as parts of speech:
a) nominal phrases or noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person or a living being:
• The root of the trouble; b) verbal phrases or verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state or a feeling:
• To sing like a lark;
c) adjectival phrases or adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality: As good as gold;
d) adverbial phrases or adverb phraseological units, such as: Like a dog with two tails.
e) prepositional phrases; In the course of
f) conjunctional phrases or conjunction I phraseological units: As long as; on the other hand; g) interjectional phrases or interjection
phraseological units: Catch me!: Well, I never! h) sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings and quotations: "Where there is a will there is a way.

81. 
    What are prepositional phraseological units? Provide examples