Uzbekistan state world languages university translation faculty the english applied translation department

Бу ерда баланд овозда гапириш мумкин эмас!
By adding PM Infinitives can be made more polite, for instance:
Бу ерда баланд овозда гапирилмасин!
Such requests sound neutral and polite; they are used in formal situations, when talking to subordinates, anonymous interlocutors or strangers in offices e.g. asking to provide some particular service.
Another variation of an Infinitive with PM is Passive Imperative. Such a request may be used in formal oral announcements addressed to a wide audience, to illustrate:
Томоша вақтида қўл телефонларидан фойдаланмаслик сўралади.
2. Explicit Imperatives Proper – have an imperative verb as their core, often negated, which is applied to specify the request. The verb may be used in either the second person or plural. Explicit Imperatives Proper are likely to be used “when the Hearer is a junior, a close friend of a rather similar age and status or an inferior, and the situation is informal, half-formal or even formal with an asymmetrical relationship.”
3. Elliptical Imperatives – are employed to request H to carry out an act, not by means of an explicitly present verb but with a noun or adverbial. Thanks to the situational context and shared knowledge it is possible to understand what is to be performed. In general, Elliptical Imperatives imply a large power distance between S and H, although in some situations the illocutionary force may be weakened. Four types of social encounter were enumerated which allow for the non-power marked use of such structures, namely:
1) transactional or service relations in restaurants, shops (presence of the PM please or the term of address);
2) high solidarity networks among e.g. friends or a team at work;
3) work under time pressure;
4) informal encounters where the S gives adverbials to define the place or time of the meeting.
Explicit Performatives
Requests of this sort the illocutionary intent is explicitly named by S by means of a relevant illocutionary verb. According to Trosborg (1995: 203), “the inclusion of a performative verb conveying requestive intent, e.g. ask, request, order, command, etc. explicitly marks the utterance as an order.” She also claims that such utterances are very direct and usually authoritative. For Lubecka (2000) Explicit Performative constitutes the second group of requests which she calls Embedded Orders. She is of the opinion that Direct Orders differ from Embedded Orders in the way that the latter is able to “modify the illocutionary force of the request by the choice of the embedding device”. Embedding, as explained by Lubecka (2000: 91), “consists in preceding an order proper by a modifying segment whose role is to modulate the illocutionary force of a given request by means of either a lexico-syntactic device (e.g. a main clause with a performative or tentative verb) or a lexical device (e.g. a politeness marker).” As regards the structure of such a request, it is composed of a main and a sub-clause. The verb in the main clause is used in the first person singular or plural. S employs the personal pronouns I/we (E), ja/my (P), and the personal pronouns you (E), cię/was (P), or a proper term of address to address H. The sub-clause denotes the kind of act which is to be performed by H. Although explicit performatives, as originally defined by Austin ought to be used in indicative active in the Simple Present, they can also appear in the Simple Past or Continuous Tenses in English, and the Present or the Past Tense in Polish.
According to Lubecka (2000: 92), three kinds of Embedded Orders can be distinguished with regard to the nature of the performative verb applied in a request, namely:
1) Embedded Orders with a Performative Verb
- carrying a strong illocutionary force, e.g. order (Eng), буйруқ (Uz);
- carrying a weak illocutionary force, e.g. beg, ask (Eng), илтимос, майлими? (Uz). Some examples: