Vector in hindi compound verbs
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Hindi Compound verbs (1)
‘reads’
pii lii > pii „drank‟ kho dii > khoyii „lost‟ mil gayaa > milaa „met‟ jaa milaa > milaa ‘met‟ de maaraa > maaraa ‘hit, strike‟ maar diyaa > maaraa „hit strike‟ This demonstrates that MV assumes a finite form in the absence of a vector in both the unreversed and reversed order CVs. Thus MV substitution could be construed as a reliable test to find out the MV in an CV. There is yet another mode of isolating an MV from a complex predicate. CVs rarely occur in negation, it is the MV which is negated e.g. kitab paRh letaa hai > kitab nahi~ paRhtaa ha~s paRaa > nahi~ ha~saa ro uThaa > nahi~ royaa maar diyaa > nahi~ maaraa maar Daalaa > nahi~ maaraa de maaraa > nahi~ maaraa ug aaye > nahi~ uge We find that despite the MV+vector order, it is the MV which is negated. Hence, simple verb substitution and verb-negation could be employed to identify an MV in an CV sequence. Hook(1974 : 60) observes that the verbs cal „walk‟, uTh „stand‟, de „give‟, dhar „hold‟, and maar „strike‟ occur as vectors in reordered/reversed CV sequences e.g. Ordered/Unreversed Reordered/Reversed nikal calaa cal niklaa „moved‟ dhar liyaa le dharaa „held‟ toR diyaa de toRaa „broke‟ choR diyaa * „left, gave up‟ choR aayaa aa choRaa „forgot „left‟ dauR gayaa jaa dauRaa „ran away‟ ghuum gayaa * „turned around‟ bol uThaa * „spoke up uTh baiThaa * „stood up‟, „got up‟, laa choRaa * „brought‟ sukhaa diyaa * „dried‟ aa lenaa * „to come‟ khol diya * „opened‟ aa liyaa „came‟ > le aayaa „brought‟ These examples demonstrate that not all CVs could be reversed and that there are some ordered instances like khol diyaa which would allow kar insertion khol kar diyaa. The example aa liyaa and le aayaa seems to be a case of reordered verb sequence at the surface level but the two are distinct verb sequences semantically. Such instances show that a reordered verb sequence may not necessarily relate to the ordered sequence at the semantic level. The latter example here would allow kar insertion but the former will not. Hook (ibid.) proposes a class of factor verbs, distinct from vector verbs to account for the reversible verb sequences. His proposed class of factor verbs comprises aa „come‟, jaa „go‟, nikal „go out‟, laa „bring‟, le jaa „take away‟, and nikaal „take out‟. According to him the distinguishing characteristic between vector and factor verbs is based upon complete grammaticalisation in the former and partial grammaticalisation in the latter. A factor verb contributes a component of its meaning (analogous to its meaning as a MV) to the verb sequence (CV). 23. laRkaa bakse ko ghasiiT laayaa / laa ghasii Taa The boy dragged the box. 24. khabar sunte hii vah yahaa~ dauR aayaa/ aa dauRaa As soon as he heard the news, he came here running 25. vah ghar se/pe naashtaa khaa jaataa/ jaa khaataa hai He takes his breakfast at home / goes to his house to have his breadfast. The verb sequences in 23-25 are reversible and the verb forms laa, aa and jaa contribute a component of their meaning to the whole verb sequence, however, kar and te hue insertion in the unreversed sequences would be acceptable in these sequences as follows: ghasiiT kar laayaa----------------- dauR kar aayaa khaa kar jaataa jaa kar khaataa In 25, the reversed sequence too allows kar insertion which would alter the sequence of actions accordingly. It may be noted that in CVs with the so-called factor verb, the negation may not eliminate the second verb. For instance, dauR aayaa upon negation would appear as dauR nahi~ aayaa. Hence the first verb in such cases functions as an adverbial dauRaa aayaa. Nespital (1997) is of the view that the choice of a vector in a CV sequence is guided by the lexico-semantic features of the second verb. Accor ding to him the “second verb additionally contributes a varying number of lexico-semantic features that are already present or inherent in the lexical meaning of the first verb (MV)”. For instance, in mar jaanaa „die‟, the MV mar „die‟ indicates a change of state from being alive to ceasing to be alive and jaanaa „go‟ too entails the lexico-semantic features like „to proceed/to reach a terminal point‟. Hence jaanaa goes well with mar. Similarly, maar „kill‟ goes well with the verbs like : denaa „give‟ (maar denaa), daalnaa „pour/lay‟ (maar Daalnaa), and giraanaa „fell‟ (maar giraanaa). However, the second/factor verb‟s contribution to the meaning encompasses only a certain number of CV sequences. There are instances like rah jaanaa „stay/ remain‟, baiTh jaanaa „sit‟, cal paRnaa „move‟ etc, where the second verb‟s lexico-semantic features do not match with the meaning of the CV, e.g. stay-go (rah jaanaa), sit-go (baiTh jaanaa) do not seem to go together as far as their semantic features are concerned. Hence, the category of vector verbs which are completely grammaticalised in a CV sequence and a class of factor verbs which are partially grammaticlised, for these contribute shades of their meaning features to the CV sequence, seems to be a plausible explanation. Modals sak „can‟, cuk „already‟ and paa „get/manage‟, unlike vectors, occur freely with MVs. sak and paa occur freely with negative elements. sak does not occur as a MV. (Guru, p.272, cites an instance from Ramcharitmanas where sak has been used as an independent verb). cuk occurs primarily in association with other verbs like khaa cuk „has eaten‟, paRh cuk „has read‟ etc. McGregor (1977 : 104) includes paa in his list of thirteen vectors whereas Hook (1974) includes cuk, paa, sak in his list of twenty four vectors and Nespital (1997) includes only cuk in his list of forty seven vectors. Nespital (1997) considers verb sequences with sak and paa as modal syntagmas. For him the verbal expressions like mar jaanaa „die‟ represent one verb lexemes (CVs). Grammaticalisation, sensitivity to negation and generality –that the item occurs with at least five different MVs-, according to Hook, should be considered as the main criteria to identify vector verbs. Nespital has proposed the following list of forty seven verbs that occur as second verbs (vectors) in correlative and perfective CVs in Hindi : aanaa, uThnaa, khaRaa karnaa, khaRaa honaa, khaanaa, girnaa, guzarnaa, ghasiiTnaa, calnaa, cuknaa, choRnaa, jaanaa, Tapaknaa, Daalnaa, dikhaanaa, dekhnaa, denaa, dauRnaa, dhamaknaa, dharnaa, nikalnaa, paTaknaa, paRnaa, pahu~cnaa, phe~knaa, bacnaa, bannaa, basnaa, baahar karnaa, biitnaa, baiThnaa, baiThaanaa, bhaagnaa, bhejnaa, marnaa, maarnaa, miTnaa, miTaanaa, rakhnaa, rahnaa, laanaa, le calnaa, le jaanaa, lenaa, sunaanaa. Download 77.21 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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