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Should(n't) have
We use should(n't) have + past participle to say that what did or did not happen was a mistake or a bad thing:
I should have listened to him. (= but I didn't)
We can use never for emphasis with a negative verb:
I should never have bought it! (= I did buy it and now I regret it)


Grammar extra: If It wasn't for...
We can use if it wasn't/weren't for + noun phrase to say that a situation is dependent on another situation, person or thing:
If it wasn't/ weren't for the car, rd have no money worries now. (the car is the reason for my worries)
We can use if it hadn't been for to talk about a past situation:
If it hadn't been for your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.
IRREGULAR VERBS

be

was/were

been




lie

lay

lain

beat

beat

beaten




light

lit

lit

become

became

become




lose

lost

lost

begin

began

begun




make»

made

made

bend

bent

bent




mean

meant

meant

bet

bet

bet




meet

met

met

bite

bit

bitten




pay

paid

paid

bleed

bled

bled




put

put

put

blow

blew

blown




read

read

read

break

broke

broken




ride

rode

ridden

bring

brought

brought




ring

rang

rung

build

built

built




rise

rose

risen

burn

burnt

burnt




run

ran

run

burst

burst

burst




say

said

said

buy

bought

bought




see

saw

seen

catch

caught

caught




sell

sold

sold

choose

chose

chosen




send

sent

sent

come

came

come




set

set

set

cost

cost

cost




shake

shook

shaken

creep

crept

crept




shine

shone

shone

cut

cut

cut




shoot

shot

shot

deal

dealt

dealt




show

showed

shown

dig

dug

dug




shrink

shrank

shrunk

do

did

done




shut

shut

shut

draw

drew

drawn




sing

sang

sung

dream

dreamt

dreamt




sink

sank

sunk

drink

drank

drunk




sit

sat

sat

drive

drove

driven




sleep

slept

slept

eat

ate

eaten




slide

slid

slid

fell

fell

fallen




smell

smelt

smelt

feed

fed

fed




speak

spoke

spoken

feel

felt

felt




spell

spelt/spelled

spelt/spelled

fight

fought

fought




spend

spent

spent

find

found

found




spill

spilt

spilt

fly

flew

flown




split

split

split

forbid

forbade

forbidden




spoil

spoilt

spoilt

forget

forgot

forgotten




spread

spread

spread

forgive

forgave

forgiven




spring

sprang

sprung

freeze

froze

frozen




stand

stood

stood

get

got

got




steal

stole

stolen

give

gave

given




stick

stuck

stuck

go

went

gone




sting

stung

stung

grow

grew

grown




strike

struck

struck

hang

hung

hung




swear

swore

sworn

have

had

had




swell

swelled

swollen

hear

heard

heard




swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden




swing

swung

swung

hit

hit

hit




take

took

taken

hold

held

held




teach

taught

taught

hurt

hurt

hurt




tear

tore

torn

keep

kept

kept




tell

told

told

kneel

knelt

knelt




think

thought

thought

know

knew

known




throw

threw

thrown

lay

laid

laid




understand

understood

understood

lead

led

led




wake

woke

woken

lean

leant

leant




wear

wore

worn

learn

learnt

learnt




weep

wept

wept

leave

left

left




win

won

won

let

let

let




write

wrote

written



GLOSSARY
Alternative hypothesis (H1)—The opposite of the null hypothesis (H0).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)—A statistical method that tests the significance of different factors on a variable of interest.
Arithmetic mean—The balance point in a set of data that is calculated by summing the observed numerical values in a set of data and then dividing by the number of values involved.
Bar chart—A chart containing rectangles (“bars”) in which the length of each bar represents the count, amount, or percentage of responses of one category.

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