Should(n't) have
We use should(n't) have + past participle to say that what did or did not happen was a mistake or a bad thing:
I should have listened to him. (= but I didn't)
We can use never for emphasis with a negative verb:
I should never have bought it! (= I did buy it and now I regret it)
If It wasn't for...
We can use if it wasn't/weren't for + noun phrase to say that a situation is dependent on another situation, person or thing:
If it wasn't/ weren't for the car, rd have no money worries now. (the car is the reason for my worries)
We can use if it hadn't been for to talk about a past situation:
If it hadn't been for your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.
IRREGULAR VERBS
be
|
was/were
|
been
|
|
lie
|
lay
|
lain
|
beat
|
beat
|
beaten
|
|
light
|
lit
|
lit
|
become
|
became
|
become
|
|
lose
|
lost
|
lost
|
begin
|
began
|
begun
|
|
make»
|
made
|
made
|
bend
|
bent
|
bent
|
|
mean
|
meant
|
meant
|
bet
|
bet
|
bet
|
|
meet
|
met
|
met
|
bite
|
bit
|
bitten
|
|
pay
|
paid
|
paid
|
bleed
|
bled
|
bled
|
|
put
|
put
|
put
|
blow
|
blew
|
blown
|
|
read
|
read
|
read
|
break
|
broke
|
broken
|
|
ride
|
rode
|
ridden
|
bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
|
ring
|
rang
|
rung
|
build
|
built
|
built
|
|
rise
|
rose
|
risen
|
burn
|
burnt
|
burnt
|
|
run
|
ran
|
run
|
burst
|
burst
|
burst
|
|
say
|
said
|
said
|
buy
|
bought
|
bought
|
|
see
|
saw
|
seen
|
catch
|
caught
|
caught
|
|
sell
|
sold
|
sold
|
choose
|
chose
|
chosen
|
|
send
|
sent
|
sent
|
come
|
came
|
come
|
|
set
|
set
|
set
|
cost
|
cost
|
cost
|
|
shake
|
shook
|
shaken
|
creep
|
crept
|
crept
|
|
shine
|
shone
|
shone
|
cut
|
cut
|
cut
|
|
shoot
|
shot
|
shot
|
deal
|
dealt
|
dealt
|
|
show
|
showed
|
shown
|
dig
|
dug
|
dug
|
|
shrink
|
shrank
|
shrunk
|
do
|
did
|
done
|
|
shut
|
shut
|
shut
|
draw
|
drew
|
drawn
|
|
sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
dream
|
dreamt
|
dreamt
|
|
sink
|
sank
|
sunk
|
drink
|
drank
|
drunk
|
|
sit
|
sat
|
sat
|
drive
|
drove
|
driven
|
|
sleep
|
slept
|
slept
|
eat
|
ate
|
eaten
|
|
slide
|
slid
|
slid
|
fell
|
fell
|
fallen
|
|
smell
|
smelt
|
smelt
|
feed
|
fed
|
fed
|
|
speak
|
spoke
|
spoken
|
feel
|
felt
|
felt
|
|
spell
|
spelt/spelled
|
spelt/spelled
|
fight
|
fought
|
fought
|
|
spend
|
spent
|
spent
|
find
|
found
|
found
|
|
spill
|
spilt
|
spilt
|
fly
|
flew
|
flown
|
|
split
|
split
|
split
|
forbid
|
forbade
|
forbidden
|
|
spoil
|
spoilt
|
spoilt
|
forget
|
forgot
|
forgotten
|
|
spread
|
spread
|
spread
|
forgive
|
forgave
|
forgiven
|
|
spring
|
sprang
|
sprung
|
freeze
|
froze
|
frozen
|
|
stand
|
stood
|
stood
|
get
|
got
|
got
|
|
steal
|
stole
|
stolen
|
give
|
gave
|
given
|
|
stick
|
stuck
|
stuck
|
go
|
went
|
gone
|
|
sting
|
stung
|
stung
|
grow
|
grew
|
grown
|
|
strike
|
struck
|
struck
|
hang
|
hung
|
hung
|
|
swear
|
swore
|
sworn
|
have
|
had
|
had
|
|
swell
|
swelled
|
swollen
|
hear
|
heard
|
heard
|
|
swim
|
swam
|
swum
|
hide
|
hid
|
hidden
|
|
swing
|
swung
|
swung
|
hit
|
hit
|
hit
|
|
take
|
took
|
taken
|
hold
|
held
|
held
|
|
teach
|
taught
|
taught
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
|
tear
|
tore
|
torn
|
keep
|
kept
|
kept
|
|
tell
|
told
|
told
|
kneel
|
knelt
|
knelt
|
|
think
|
thought
|
thought
|
know
|
knew
|
known
|
|
throw
|
threw
|
thrown
|
lay
|
laid
|
laid
|
|
understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
lead
|
led
|
led
|
|
wake
|
woke
|
woken
|
lean
|
leant
|
leant
|
|
wear
|
wore
|
worn
|
learn
|
learnt
|
learnt
|
|
weep
|
wept
|
wept
|
leave
|
left
|
left
|
|
win
|
won
|
won
|
let
|
let
|
let
|
|
write
|
wrote
|
written
|
GLOSSARY
Alternative hypothesis (H1)—The opposite of the null hypothesis (H0).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)—A statistical method that tests the significance of different factors on a variable of interest.
Arithmetic mean—The balance point in a set of data that is calculated by summing the observed numerical values in a set of data and then dividing by the number of values involved.
Bar chart—A chart containing rectangles (“bars”) in which the length of each bar represents the count, amount, or percentage of responses of one category.
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