vol4.pdf [Ivanovskiy Boris Andreyevich]
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L L1 circumlunar spacecraft/project, see 7K-L1 and Zond circumlunar program L3 human lunar landing project/spacecraft, xxii, xliii, xliv, 1, 3-7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 27, 28, 32, 37, 39, 56, 68, 101, 455, 493; human lunar landing spacecraft, early conceptions of, 76, 80-81, 84-99; different mission profiles, 105, 113-115; control systems for, 105, 113, 118-132; development in late 1960s, 136-141, 154-155, 171-180, 185-186, 189-193, 199-200, 213, 218, 220, 221, 224, 225, 228, 231, 233; development in the early 1970s, 254, 255-274, 283, 290, 292- 293, 304, 307-309, 317-318, 357-358, 381-382, 409-410, 415, 420, 422, 423, 427-429, 433, 435-439; crews for, 227; and cancellation of, 521-557, 569-579; legacy of, 602-606 L3M human lunar landing project/space- craft, 258-260, 263, 264, 272, 274, 315, 535, 545, 598, 606 L3S payload for N-1, 218, 221-222, 228 Labutin, Yuriy M., 269 Lake Baikal, 125 Lapygin, Vladimir L., 427-428, 435, 440, 445
Lastochka airfield (at Tyuratam), see Dalniy airfield
Lavochkin, Semyon A., 262 Lavochkin Factory, 28-29, 113 Lavrov, Ilya V., 247, 374-375, 403 Lavrov, Kirill, 521, 522, 562, 567 Lavrov, Svyastoslav S., 118 Lazarev, Vasiliy G., 404 Lebedev, Yevgeniy F., 235, 339 Legostayev, Viktor P., 117, 121, 159-160, 162, 163, 247, 255, 304, 331, 339-340, 358, 359, 456, 461, 464, 494, 495, 506, 508, 510, 513, 520, 534 Lenin, Vladimir I., 84, 215, 236, 257, 259, 262, 560 Lenin Prize, 390 Leningrad, 49, 293, 332, 389, 463, 464 Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, 165, 183, 483 Leninsk, 21, 229, 310, 348, 350, 353, 539 Leonov, Aleksey A., xxiv, xliii, 169, 188, 479; and Voskhod-2 mission, 472, 479- 480; and planned Soyuz-11 mission, 314, 340, 354, 362, 363, 364, 366-368, 395 Levanevskiy, Sigizmund A., 313, 540 Levanevskiy, Yuzef A., 313 Levashev, Ye. V., 194 Leventsov, A. V., 518 636
Index Levin, Valerian R., 148 Levitan, Yuriy B., 210, 457 Ley, Willy, 40 Leypunskiy, Aleksandr I., 59 Li-2 airplane, 523 Library of Congress (U.S.), 624 Lidorenko, Nikolay S., 122, 131, 218, 418, 436, 439, 456, 570 LII, see Flight-Research Institute Likhushin, Valentin Ya., 264, 443, 446 Lindbergh, Charles, 282 liquid-hydrogen–liquid-oxygen rocket engines, xxiii, 44, 48-50, 53, 60, 62-64, 67-68, 71, 81, 83, 85, 89, 90, 150, 192, 225, 257-258, 261, 272, 275, 544-546, 550, 554, 574-576, 579, 596
Lisovich, Izrael M., 112 Lisunov, Boris P., 523 “Little Civil War,” 222-223, 318-319 Litvinov, Viktor Ya., 171-173, 195, 217, 220, 225, 271, 529, 540 LK (Lunar Vehicle), 13, 27, 76, 88-89, 94-98, 105, 109, 121, 125, 126, 127- 130, 143, 174, 175, 181, 199-200, 221, 228, 257, 261-262, 269-270, 306-309, 410, 486 LK-1 spacecraft/program, 12 LK-700 human lunar lander, 213 Lobanov, Nikolay A., 473 Lobanova, Sofya S., 234 LOK (Lunar Orbital Vehicle), 13, 88, 94, 95, 96-98, 105, 121, 125, 127-128, 174-175, 199, 218, 221, 228, 261, 265, 269, 304, 306-307, 309, 410, 420, 423, 427-429, 433, 435-439 Long-Duration Orbital Station, see DOS
Low, George W., 555 Lucid, Shannon W., 600 Lukyashko, A. V., 350 Luna robotic program/spacecraft, xix, 13 Luna (Ye-6) second-generation probes, xliii, 82, 112-113, 118 Luna third-generation probes, see Ye-8 and Ye-8-5
lunar base (permanent) proposals, 191-192, 281, 525, 531, 535, 542-547, 550, 553, 556, 571, 573, 577, 588-589, 592, 595- 598, 612, 615, 620, 621 Lunar Council, 194, 232, 573 Lunar Module (Apollo), 56 Lunokhod, 28, 281; see also Ye-8 Lygin, Yuriy I., 427 Lysenko, Trofim D., 113-114 Lyulka, Arkhip M., 67, 71, 89, 119, 150- 151, 390, 576 M M-220 computer, 488 Magnitogorsk, 389, 561 Main Directorate of the Hydro- meteorological Service, 33 Main Intelligence Directorate, see GRU Makarov, Aleksandr A., 25 Makarov, Oleg G., 404 Makeyev, Viktor P., 29-31, 81-82, 223-224, 390-391
Maksimov, Aleksandr A., 344, 346, 347, 348
Maksimov, Gleb Yu., 458, 593 Malakhit cruise missile, 24 Malinovskiy, Rodion Ya., 133 Malyshev, Vyacheslav A., 368 Malyshev, Yuriy V., 507 Malyugin, O. I., 195 manned lunar projects, see N1-L3 program, L1 program, UR-700 program, LK-1 program
MAP, see Ministry of the Aviation Industry Marooned (book and movie), 567-568 Mars, xix, 9, 13, 14, 28-29, 64, 72-73, 76, 101, 112, 113, 115, 118, 189, 191, 192-193, 213-214, 216, 222-226, 232, 242, 258, 259, 271-273, 339, 344-347, 375-376, 434, 457, 531-532, 543, 547, 556, 580, 586-595, 612, 620-623 Mars spacecraft/programs (automated), 9, 13, 28-29, 64, 101, 112, 113, 115, 118, 189, 191, 216, 232, 271, 339, 344-347, 375-376, 434, 457, 547, 586, 587 Mars spacecraft/programs (human), 14, 72-73, 76, 192-193, 213-214, 222-226, 242, 258, 259, 272-273, 531-532, 543, 547, 556, 588-595, 620-623
375-376
Mars-75 proposal, 410 Mars-N proposals, 259 637
Rockets and People: Moon Race Marshall Space Flight Center, see George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marx, Karl, 240, 248 Mashinoapparat Factory, 256, 301, 302 Mathematics Institute (Kiev), 463 McNamara, Robert S., 5 Medaris, John B., 40 media, see news media Medvedev, Boris V., 462 Medvedeva, Alla K., 114 MEI (Moscow Power Institute), see OKB MEI Meleshin, Petr I., 195 Melnikov, Mikhail V., 60, 72, 131-132, 194, 234, 236, 258, 384, 410, 422, 437, 528, 534, 571, 576, 594 Mercury (NASA program/spacecraft), 585 Mercury (planet), 586, 590, 612 Meshcheryakov, Ivan V., 8, 325 Meshcheryakov, Vladimir I., 298
271
Meteor-2 weather satellite/program, 33, 36 Meteor-3 weather satellite/program, 33, 36 Meyerovich, Yevgeniy A., 149 Miass, 29, 224 Mick, Christoph, xviii Mikoyan, Anastas I., 134 military space forces (Russian/Soviet), xvi, 8, 36, 92, 250, 266, 296; see also TsUKOS and GUKOS Military Unit 32103, see Command and Measurement Complex Military-Industrial Commission (VPK), 3-4, 22, 63, 69, 77, 78, 81-83, 90-92, 123, 134-135, 137, 145, 148, 152, 172, 181, 184-186, 198, 221, 236, 239, 240, 254, 255, 261, 269, 273, 284, 286, 287, 290, 314, 334, 340, 357, 359, 363, 367, 380, 389, 405, 431, 452-453, 466, 468, 500, 523, 528, 529, 539, 540, 551-552, 559, 567, 570, 575, 594, 596, 607-608, 618 military-industrial complex (Soviet), xi, xiv, 1-8, 35-37, 415, 595, 609-610 Ministry of Armaments, 414 Ministry of Defense, 3, 16, 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 63, 65, 72, 77, 81, 82, 92, 134, 138, 176, 244, 246, 262, 266, 269, 285, 288, 397, 451, 474, 484, 493, 500, 504, 518, 549, 552, 553, 557, 608 Ministry of Defense Space Monitoring Service, 394, 406, 516, 518 Ministry of Finance, 86, 272-273 Ministry of General Machine Building (MOM or Minobshchemash), 3, 23, 28, 34, 135, 171, 179, 180, 190, 217, 240, 266, 268, 269, 287, 288, 290, 416, 453, 500, 501, 515, 550, 595; dissolution of, 609
Ministry of Health, 347, 361 Ministry of Heavy Machine Building, 3 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 366 Ministry of Medium Machine Building (MSM or Minsredmash), 3, 35, 127, 130-131, 273, 438, 570, 594 Ministry of the Aviation Industry (MAP), 3, 28, 179, 198, 265, 286, 433, 468, 552 Ministry of the Communications Equipment Industry (MPSS), 3 Ministry of the Defense Industry (MOP), 3, 31, 127, 179, 265, 292 Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry, 3 Ministry of the Electronics Industry, 3, 423 Ministry of the Radio (Engineering) Industry (MRP), 3 Minsk Automobile Factory, 32 Minsredmash, see Ministry of Medium Machine Building Minuteman ICBMs, 7, 416
397, 399-400 Mir space station, x, xix, xxiv, 23, 214, 245, 323-324, 381, 405, 406-407, 484, 542, 577, 578, 579, 598-601, 608, 609, 614 MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles), 6, 186 Mishin, Vasiliy P., xvi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, 4, 15, 29, 60-61, 74, 80, 81, 85, 87, 99, 103, 110-111, 118, 131, 136, 139, 141- 143, 147-148, 154, 159-161, 163-164, 166-169, 172-176, 177, 180, 184, 186, 188, 195, 205, 258-259, 263-264, 274, 276, 291, 304-308, 315-318, 369, 383, 387-389, 390, 392, 404, 437, 454, 459, 469, 471, 472-473, 478, 480, 484, 487, 494, 528, 531, 535, 537, 541, 556, 562, 566, 567, 568-569, 572, 595, 603, 605; and appointment as chief designer, 135, 455; and first N-1 launch, 189-209; and second and third N-1 launches, 213, 217-228, 231-234, 238-239; and fourth N-1 launch, 409, 410, 415-417; and origins of DOS/Salyut program, 246- 250, 253, 256, 266-269, 279, 283-284, 287-291, 308-311, 323-329, 333-334, 638
Index 339-340, 344, 357, 358, 361-363, 365, 367, 374, 376, 378-380, 397-399, 401, 405; and dismissal from TsKBEM, xxv, 521-522, 525-526; and poor relationship with Glushko, 49, 68-70, 565, 571 Mishuk, Mikhail N., 397, 399, 402 missile defense systems, see antimissile defense forces Mission Control Center, see TsUP MK-700M Mars project, 226 MKBS (Multipurpose Space Base/Station), 246, 248, 273, 280, 281, 283-290, 309, 311, 347, 382-383, 410, 531, 554 Mnatsakanyan, Armen S., 108, 225, 249, 297, 326, 369, 375, 456, 477, 497-501, 513, 570 MNTS-KI (Interdepartmental Scientific- Technical Council on Space Research), 125-126
Moiseyev, Yevgeniy G., 203, 229, 377, 435, 436, 439-440 MOK (Multipurpose Orbital Complex), 273, 288, 382-383, 410 Molniya (8K78) launch vehicle, 9, 64, 82
15, 16, 101, 140, 215 Molniya-2 communications satellite, 16, 36 Molniya-3 communications satellite, 16, 36 Molniya communications satellites, 153, 268, 271, 347, 376, 461, 495, 520, 577, 618
MOM, see Ministry of General Machine Building
Moon, x, xii, xix, xxi, xxii, xli, xlii, xliii, 9-10, 12, 13, 14, 22, 28, 29, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46-48, 49, 50, 53, 55-57, 64-66, 72, 73, 76, 80, 82-85, 87-91, 93, 96-98, 105-106, 108, 109, 112-115, 121, 129- 130, 139-140, 169, 173-177, 181-186, 189, 191-193, 215-216, 218, 221-222, 224, 227, 231, 232, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243, 254, 257-258, 260-268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 280-282, 288, 304, 347, 382, 408, 416, 423, 427, 429-430, 435-436, 457, 484, 525, 531-532, 535-537, 539- 547, 550-551, 553-554, 565, 569-570, 572, 577-579, 585-587, 590, 592-596, 598, 603-604, 606, 608, 615, 619, 620- 621, 623
Moon programs (human), see separate human lunar projects such as N1-L3, L1/Zond, and LK-1 Mordvinov, I. A., 195 Morgulev, Aleksandr S., 497-498 Morozov, K. K., 424 Morozov, Vladimir V., 427-428 Moscow Higher Technical School, see Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 494
Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology (MIT), 9, 31-33, 178-179 Moscow Physics and Technology Institute (MFTI), 462, 465, 506 Moscow Power (Engineering) Institute (MEI), 523 Mosfilm, 559, 561, 567 Mozzhorin, Yuriy A., xvi, xxviii, 86-87, 114, 136-140, 220, 226, 284, 380, 424, 504, 531-533, 548 MPSS, see Ministry of the Communications Equipment Industry MR UR-100 ICBM, 26 MRP, see Ministry of the Radio (Engineering) Industry Mrykin, Aleksandr G., 183, 419, 451 MSM, see Ministry of Medium Machine Building
Musk, Elon, 612 MV (Mars-Venus) program, see Mars and Venera separately M. V. Frunze Motor Factory, see Frunze Motor Factory M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (IPM), 126, 536 M. V. Khrunichev Factory (ZIKh), 19-20, 238, 243-245, 255, 262, 266, 267, 269, 283-284, 288, 290, 292, 308, 381, 484, 496, 551, 554, 598, 599 M. V. Lomonosov Gold Medal, 601 MVTU, see Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School Myasishchev, Vladimir M., 19, 107, 243, 523
Mytishchi, 386 N N-1 heavy-lift launch vehicle, xix, xxii-xxv, xxvii, xliii, xliv, 1, 3-7, 12-13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 87, 197, 204, 211, 212, 218, 219, 228, 421, 455, 493; origins of, 59-99; contractors for, 90-91; develop- ment of engines for, 59-72, 73-74, 75, 78-80, 82-83, 89-90, 93-94, 103-104, 109, 110-112, 141-144, 155, 236, 264, 639
Rockets and People: Moon Race 565-566; design changes in 1964-65, 101-111, 113-115; development of control systems for, 117-132, 145-152; development in 1966-69 period, 136- 141, 154, 171-180, 185, 186, 189-193, 200-202, 564-565; preparations for first launch of, 171-172, 186; first launch of (no. 3L), 139, 171, 188, 193-213, 217, 219-220, 227, 243, 420-421, 425, 428, 444; second launch of (no. 5L), 206, 209, 212, 217-222, 225-236, 243, 272, 388, 420, 425, 428, 446; future plans in 1969, 222-227; foreign visit to N-1 launch pads, 237; and use for launching large space station, 246, 290, 347, 383; work in the early 1970s, 255-274, 279, 283, 290, 292-293, 303, 304, 307-309, 311, 317-318, 355, 381-383, 395; use for launching Mars missions, 14, 72-73, 76, 113, 115, 191-193, 222-227, 258, 272-273, 594; and third launch of (no. 6L), 218, 220-221, 288-289, 300, 317, 339, 376, 377, 380, 387-389, 392, 396, 398, 408, 420-421, 428, 506; and fourth launch of (no. 7L), 221, 317, 408, 409-447, 507, 541-542, 602-603; and planned fifth launch of (no. 8L), 432- 433, 447, 527-529, 531-532, 535, 539; and cancellation of, 521-557, 569-579; legacy of, 596, 602-606; costs of, xxii, 528, 545, 573 N-1M heavy-lift launch vehicle, 594-595 N-11 rocket, 75, 77, 222, 225 Nadiradze, Aleksandr D., 9, 26, 29, 31-33, 172, 177-180, 186, 224, 276, 318 Napoleon, 560 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), x, xxi, xxiii, xxxi, 42-46, 52, 57, 68, 172, 239, 240, 241, 254, 294, 536, 552, 555, 577, 586, 588, 593, 614, 615
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 42-43 National Aeronautics and Space Act, 42 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, see NASA National Aeronautics and Space Council, 46 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 26, 32, 592, 604, 614, 621 Nauka publishing house, 465 Navstar GPS, 615 Navy, see Soviet Navy Nazarov, A. A., 188 Nazis, xiii, 43, 231-232 N. E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, see Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) Nedelin, Mitrofan I., 106, 561 Nekrasov, Nikolay A., 526 Netherlands, 608 Nevzorov, Boris G., 303-304, 466, 498 news media, xi, xxi, xli, xliii, 29, 47, 153, 163, 185-186, 210, 215-216, 251, 252, 274, 314, 353, 354, 374, 390-391, 411, 482, 496, 560, 622; see also individual newspapers and journals Nezdyur, Leonid A., 498 NII IT (Scientific-Research Institute of Measurement Technology), 393, 442 NII-1 institute (later MIT), 31; see also Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology NII-1 institute (later Keldysh Research Center), 59-61, 443, 458, 462 NII-4 institute, 92, 165, 475 NII-10 institute, 198 NII-88 institute, xi, xix, xlii, 24, 25, 28, 79, 86, 87, 92, 114, 171, 200-201 NII-229 institute (Novostroyka), 75, 79-80, 109, 141, 199, 418, 528 NII-380 institute, 33, 128 NII-627 institute, 33; see also VNIIEM NII-648 institute, 34, 35, 163, 460; see also NIITP NII-695 institute, 128-129 NII-885 institute, 13, 28, 34, 91, 119, 128, 130, 423, 488 NII-944 institute, 28, 91, 125 NIIAP (Scientific-Research Institute of Automatics and Instrument Building), 13, 32, 34-35, 91, 118-119, 121, 123- 128, 149, 151, 178, 180, 200, 202, 206-208, 218, 221, 228, 238, 263, 286, 428, 493 NIIERAT (Scientific-Research Institute for the Operation and Repair of Aviation Technology), 399, 402 NIIkhimmash, see NII-229 NIIKP (Scientific-Research Institute of Space Instrumentation Building), 514 NIIP-5 launch range, 350, 353, 416, 539; see also Tyuratam and Baykonur Cosmodrome NIITP (Scientific-Research Institute of Precision Instruments), 34, 497-501, 549 640
Index NIITP (Scientific-Research Institute of Thermal Processes), 443; see also NII-1 (later Keldysh Center) NIItransmash (Scientific-Research Institute of Transport Machine Building), 593-594 NIIYaF (Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Physics), 21 Nikiforenko, V. I., 119 Nikita Khrushchev: Crises and Rockets (book), 572
Nikitin, Boris V., 443, 456 Nikolayev, Andriyan G., 188, 295, 376 NIP (ground tracking stations), 35-36, 326, 380
NIP-3 ground tracking station, 475-476, 488
NIP-13 ground tracking station, 372 NIP-15 ground tracking station, 160, 324, 393, 475, 488-489, 504 NIP-16 ground tracking station, 156, 325, 376, 379, 380, 393, 475, 488, 490-491, 504
NIP-23 ground tracking station, 354 NITsEVT (Scientific-Research Center of Electronic Computer Technology), 13, 129, 245, 279 NK-9 rocket engine, 61, 71, 74 NK-15 rocket engine, 73-74, 93-94, 141, 199 NK-15V rocket engine, 94, 199 NK-19 rocket engine, 199 Noordwijk, 608 North American Aviation (company), 54 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, see NATO Noskin, German V., 456 Novikov, Yulian V., 299 Novodevichye Cemetery, 387, 391, 580 Novosibirsk, 162, 246
NPO Elas, 28 NPO Elektropribor, see Elektropribor NPO Energiya, xxv, 8, 50, 71, 422, 458, 503, 517, 533, 534, 568, 594, 596, 597, 605, 607, 608; formation of, 521-559, 572, 574; number of personnel at, 551, 556; see also RKK Energiya NPO Energomash, see Energomash NPO Geofizika, see Geofizika Design Bureau/Factory NPO Lavochkin, 28-29; see also KB Lavochkin and Lavochkin Factory NPO Mashinostroyeniya, 19; see also OKB-52 NPO Prikladnoy mekhaniki (NPO PM), 15-16; see also OKB-10 nuclear energy, 14, 59-61, 123, 131-132, 280, 410, 528, 576, 591-596, 611, 623-624
nuclear industry, 35, 37, 59-60, 61, 123, 131
nuclear physicists/scientists, 10, 15, 131, 223, 260, 273, 415, 438, 439 nuclear rocket engines, 14, 59-64, 67, 81, 131, 224, 273, 410, 586-587 nuclear weapons, xvii, 1-7, 20, 24, 26, 29, 30-31, 36, 37, 44, 47, 66, 86, 177, 178, 179, 223, 240-241, 227, 280, 359-360, 368, 414, 416, 457, 526, 536, 576, 589- 590, 608, 619, 620, 621 Nuzhdin, Nikolay I., 113-114 O Oberth, Hermann, 48 Object D, 459-560; see also Sputnik-3 October Revolution, see Russian Revolution OD-4 optical sight, 392 Odessa, 134, 560 Ognev (fictional character), 522, 560, 562, 568
OKB-1 (Korolev) design bureau, xi, 3-4, 8-15, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 47, 60, 63, 66-67, 77, 82, 84, 90, 91, 92-93, 101-102, 105, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 132, 136, 149, 150-151, 154, 184, 246, 259, 269, 287-289, 409-410, 452, 453, 455, 458, 460, 465, 466, 471, 489, 524, 535, 550; see also TsKBEM OKB-1 Branch No. 1, 15; see also TsNII-58 OKB-1 Branch No. 2, 15-16 OKB-1 Branch No. 3 (Kuybyshev Branch), 9, 10, 15, 17-19, 268, 299, 535; see also TsSKB; Progress Factory; Kuybyshev; Samara
OKB-2 (Isayev) design bureau, 34, 91; see also KB Khimmash OKB-10 (Reshetnev) design bureau, 10, 15-16, 27 OKB-23 (Myasishchev) design bureau, 19, 243-244
OKB-52 (Chelomey) design bureau (or TsKBM), 12, 19-24, 33, 72, 108, 184, 641
Rockets and People: Moon Race 185, 213, 238, 243-244, 256, 260, 267, 279, 291, 292, 409, 464, 484, 496 OKB-52 Branch No. 1 (Fili Branch), 19, 213, 243-244, 256, 260, 262, 266, 267, 279, 292
OKB-165 (Lyulka), 67, 89 OKB-276 (Kuznetsov) design bureau, 67, 74, 90-91, 93, 141-142, 234, 236, 274, 418, 432
OKB-456 (Glushko) design bureau, 23, 34, 60, 69, 90, 523, 524, 526, 574; see also Energomash OKB-586 (Yangel) design bureau, 15, 24-27, 91; see also KB Yuzhnoye OKB-670 (Bondaryuk) design bureau, 60 OKB-692 (Sergeyev) design bureau, 26 OKB Geofizika, see Geofizika Design Bureau/Factory OKB Khimavtomatiki, see KB Khimavtomatiki OKB Lavochkin, see KB Lavochkin OKB LPI (Experimental Design Bureau of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute), 183, 483 OKB MEI (Experimental Design Bureau of the Moscow Power Institute), 92, 122, 127, 129, 298, 423 OKB Yuzhnoye, see KB Yuzhnoye Okhapkin, Sergey O., 103-104, 136, 138, 139, 147-148, 154, 172-173, 180, 184,
246, 253-254, 256, 264, 266, 267, 290, 307-308, 334, 380, 410; and stroke of, 416-417
Okhapkina, Klavdiya A., 416 Okhotsimskiy, Dmitriy Ye., 339-340 Omsk, 27, 551 OPM (Department of Applied Mathematics), 225, 475 OPS (Orbital Piloted Station), see Almaz Orbita ground station, 16 Orbital Piloted Station (OPS), see Almaz Order of Lenin, 390 Order of the October Revolution, 390 Orion UV observation system, 297, 392 Ostashev, Arkadiy I., xxviii, 580 Ostashev, Yevgeniy I., 296 Ostryakov, Nikolay N., 451 Otreshko, Antonina P., 413 Ovchinnikov, Viktor S., 122, 131-132, 218, 436-437, 439, 534
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