vol4.pdf [Ivanovskiy Boris Andreyevich]
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- Boris Chertok with his sons Mikhail (left) and Valentin on his 95th birthday on 1 March 2007.
- Revolutionary Discoveries and Technologies
- Boris Chertok with his granddaughter Dasha.
- Will he fly to Mars Boris Chertok and his wife Yekaterina Golubkina in 1998 with their great-grandson Mikhail Borisovich.
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The Moon and Mars In 1986, Congress and the U.S. President created a national commission on developing the future space program for the next 50 years. 11 The main recommendation of this commission was a challenge to create a permanent (inhabited) base on the Moon in the first decade of the 21st century. The first decade of the 21st century has come to a close, and the Americans did not begin constructing a lunar base. In my personal opinion, if the United States intends to build a base on its own—and it is capable of doing so—a realistic start date would be 2020. The creation of a permanent active lunar base with a staff of 8 to 12 persons will require another 10 to 15 years. In the last century, Russia projected the construction of a base that was jokingly named “Barmingrad” after the chief designer. 12 Construction on the Moon does not require any sort of new scientific discoveries. Present-day tech- nology is fully capable of supporting colonization of the Moon. But there are sociopolitical, economic, and international problems that any country wishing to have its own base on the Moon will encounter. In light of this, one may predict that Russia is not capable of indepen- dently creating its own base in the next 20 years. Construction of a lunar 11. The text of the report was published as Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report of the
12. This is a reference to Vladimir Pavlovich Barmin (1909–1993). 620
Afterword base is possible, if it is a national, multiyear program on a scale exceeding the transformation of the Sochi region into a Winter Olympics base and resort comparable to the Cote d’Azur. It is likely that China will create its base five years before Russia does. The fourth colonizer of the Moon will be India. It is unlikely, but theoretically possible, that Russia and Europe will combine their technical and economic resources to build an international lunar base. One example of united technological and economic resources is the ISS. Unlike the ISS, lunar bases can have three purposes: scientific, industrial/ technological, and military/strategic. Creation of a single lunar base for Earth will be possible only if the world overcomes its divisions into military-political groups. Taking into account the possibilities for strategic use of the Moon, one cannot rule out the possibility that NATO countries will combine their resources. Combining the leading countries of Europe with the lunar programs of the United States could reduce the timeframe by three to five years. The Moon is planet Earth’s domain. The Moon is a planetary body on which people could live, using local lunar resources. It is fully accessible for humankind and will not require any new scientific discoveries. For 3 or 4 billion years, the Moon was tied to Earth by the laws of celestial mechanics. In the 20th century, 12 men landed on the Moon. In the 21st cen- tury, for the first time, the Moon and Earth will be tied together by a reliable transport system for delivering technical cargo and the constant bidirectional traffic of a human transport system. In the first half of the 21st century, NATO will be preserved and new military-political factions may arise. From the standpoint of “space supremacy” for each such faction, in the event of “Star Wars,” the prospect of building a base on the visible side of the Moon that has powerful ray and ultra-broadband weapons is enticing. Future optical-electronic and radar systems will make it possible to conduct continuous monitoring of everything taking place on dry land, in the ocean, in the air, and in near-Earth space. In the event of military conflicts, lunar bases can carry out local strikes pre- empting the use of nuclear weapons. The economic crisis of 2008 to 2010 showed that modern states are capable of negotiating in good faith and even combining their economic efforts. Perhaps in 5 to 10 years, they will join forces in order to colonize the Moon. For the world’s astronomers and astrophysicists, the creation of observa- tories on the dark side of the Moon is quite alluring. The Moon will serve as a screen, protecting the observatory’s equipment from noise that reduces the resolution capability of modern land-based observatories. Radio observatories on the dark side of the Moon will be equipped with extra-large parabolic anten- nas and phased arrays. For fans of the search for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, research will be transferred to the Moon. 621
Rockets and People: The Moon Race From the author’s archives. Boris Chertok with his sons Mikhail (left) and Valentin on his 95th birthday on 1 March 2007. Today’s mass media, and sometimes even well-known scientists and politicians, make announcements about human expeditions to Mars that will take place in the next few decades. Mars fanatics and ambitious government bureaucrats tout human flights to Mars as being basically the main prospect for space exploration in the 21st century. One has to admit that, from a technical standpoint, human flights to Mars could, in fact, be implemented in the 21st century. However, it is very difficult to prove that it is necessary to include human flights to Mars in future programs for the 21st century. Indeed, why invest a minimum of 300 to 500 billion dollars, paying for the labor of hundreds of thousands of workers, engineers, and scientists, if all the questions that interest Earthlings can be answered by the Martian robots that are controlled by scientists on Earth? The automatic spacecraft orbiting Mars and the Mars rovers that traverse the surface have convincingly shown that there is no life on the surface of Mars. By the end of the 21st century, at least 8 to 10 more Mars rovers will land on the planet. They will conduct detailed, unhurried research on the atmosphere, the climate dynamics, and the planet’s soil. New information will be obtained without enormous risk to the lives of expedition crewmembers. Cosmonauts on a Martian expedition would have to spend almost a year in weightlessness on the way there. Immediately after landing on Mars, they would prepare for the return flight, which would be 622
Afterword riskier. (Unlike for orbital stations, Earth cannot provide assistance.) It is my firm conviction that human flights to Mars in the 21st century are technically possible, but unnecessary. The ambitious goal does not justify the enormous expense and risk.
New breakthrough space programs, in terms of the timeframe for their implementation, their scope, and their contribution to “common human values,” will largely be determined by the breakthrough discoveries in other areas of science and technology. For the second half of the 21st century, we can—with some degree of certainty—expect discoveries that make it possible to produce controlled thermonuclear reactions, new materials, and previously unimaginable technical devices. Energy sources based on thermonuclear reactors of various capacities will allow all types of transportation to be made completely electrical. The demand for hydrocarbon fuels (oil and gas) will drop a hundredfold. Accordingly, the era of development and production of a wide variety of reli- able, cheap, and available thermonuclear power sources will dawn. Alchemists of the Middle Ages tried to obtain gold by mixing mer- cury with copper shavings. Physical chemists of the 21st century will create materials that have the proper- ties of superconductors at high temperatures. This will be the greatest revolution in electrical engineering. At the same time, new magnetic materials will be created. Electrical catapults will replace solid-propellant and liquid-propellant rocket engines for launches from Earth or the Moon. High-thrust electrical rocket engines using thermonu- clear energy sources will replace chemical engines for many space exploration tasks. Revolutionary achievements in creating the structure of pho- toconverters of solar energy into electrical energy will increase their efficiency from 10 percent to 50 to 60 percent. This will make it From the author’s archives.
623
Rockets and People: The Moon Race possible, if there are difficulties using thermonuclear energy, to create high- capacity ground-based solar power stations. The electrical output per unit area of a solar array on a spacecraft will increase by three to five times. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a technological and information revolution took place. Even in the middle of the 20th century, most scientists did not believe that any person could place in his pocket a device that could store all the information of the Russian State Library and the libraries of the British Museum and the U.S. Congress. Today’s electronic devices allow anyone, without leaving home, to read and even copy the contents of books of the main libraries of the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, this would have been pure fantasy. The information revolution of the late 20th century has, in some way or other, touched each inhabitant of Earth. Even the science fiction writers of the early 20th century did not predict its scale. From the author’s archives. Will he fly to Mars? Boris Chertok and his wife Yekaterina Golubkina in 1998 with their great-grandson Mikhail Borisovich. 624
Index Note: A page number in italics indicates a page with an image of the named person, object, or place. 1M, see Mars spacecraft 3KV (Voskhod spacecraft), 10 3MV, see Mars spacecraft and Venera spacecraft 7K (basic Soyuz spacecraft), 10-11, 12, 13, 80, 108, 136, 269, 282, 303, 537; see also Soyuz spacecraft/program 7K-9K-11K circumlunar program, 10-11, 12 7K-L1 (circumlunar spacecraft, also known as L1), 13-14, 23, 140, 154, 155, 156, 168, 169, 171, 175, 176, 181, 182, 183, 185, 190, 211, 221, 228, 229, 233, 238, 239, 256-263, 267, 546-547; see also Zond circumlunar program/spacecraft 7K-L1S (circumlunar spacecraft), 199-200 7K-OK (original Soyuz), 11, 140, 154, 156- 157, 189, 211, 257, 259, 262, 265, 266, 273, 397, 410, 467, 468, 472, 473; see also Soyuz spacecraft/program 7K-S (advanced Soyuz), 19, 257, 261, 273, 288, 347, 382, 407, 408, 410, 506, 537, 540, 551, 554 7K-ST (advanced Soyuz), 506-507 7K-T (Soyuz ferry for DOS), 11, 261, 273, 288, 290, 295, 299, 302, 307, 313, 314, 379, 382, 397, 502, 506, 551; see also 11F615A8
7K-TA (Soyuz ferry for Almaz), 407; see also 11F615A9
7K-TM, 407-408, 410 7K-VI military Soyuz, 19, 273 8A61 missile, 15; see also R-11M 8K63 missile, 25; see also R-12 8K67 ICBM, 25; see also R-36 8K68 launch vehicle, 86; see also R-56 8K75, 9; see also R-9 ICBM 8K78 launch vehicle, 9, 64, 82; see also Molniya launch vehicle 8K82 launch vehicle, 86; see Proton launch vehicle 8K82K launch vehicle, 299; see also Proton launch vehicle 8K84 ICBM, 19; see also UR-100 8K95, 9; see also RT-1 solid propellant missile
8K98, 9, 550; see also RT-2 ICBM 8K98P, 9, 410; see also RT-2P ICBM 8K713 global missile, 9; see also GR-1 9K, see 7K-9K-11K circumlunar program 11A52, 86; see also N-1 heavy-lift launch vehicle
11A511 launch vehicle, 80; see also Soyuz launch vehicle family 11A511L launch vehicle, 27, 270 11A511U launch vehicle, 299; see also Soyuz-U launch vehicle 11D51 rocket engine, 527; see also NK-15 11D52 rocket engine, 527; see also NK-15V 11D53 rocket engine, 527; see also NK-19 11D58 rocket engine (for Block D), 422; see also Block D 11D111 rocket engine, 527 11D112 rocket engine, 527 11D113 rocket engine, 527 11F67, 494; see also Molniya-1 spacecraft 11F91, 568; see also L1 circumlunar spacecraft/program 11F93, 269; see also LOK 11F94, 269; see also LK 11F615A8 (Soyuz ferry vehicle for DOS), 11, 295, 515; see also 7K-T Soyuz spacecraft 11F615A9 (Soyuz ferry vehicle for Almaz), 11; see also 7K-TA Soyuz spacecraft 11F615A12 (ASTP Soyuz spacecraft), 515 11F615A15 (Progress spacecraft), 515 11F732, 506, 540; see also 7K-S 11K (tanker), 11, 12; see also 7K-9K-11K circumlunar program tion, 11, 3 Block D
11N6110 ground sta 11, 453
11S854, 422; see also 625
Rockets and People: Moon Race 15A14, 26; see also R-36M ICBM 15A15, 26; see also MR UR-100 ICBM 15A20, 20; see also UR-100K ICBM 15Zh45, 32; see also Pioner missile 17K station, 295, 296, 299, 303, 307, 321, 515; see also DOS 45K star tracker, 478-479 99K solar sensor, 13 100K star sensor, 13 A A-4 German ballistic missile (V-2), 51; see also V-2 Abramov, Anatoliy P., 195, 220, 291, 303, 311, 436, 439, 470, 534, 571 Academician Korolev Street, xli, 85, 142, 293, 528, 596
36, 380
Academy of Navigation and Motion Control, 451 Academy of Sciences (Soviet/Russian), xviii, xxiii, 18, 19, 25, 29, 31, 33, 37, 70-71, 72, 77, 92, 113-114, 125-126, 135, 150, 162, 176, 180, 213, 217, 223-224, 226- 227, 232, 245, 252, 269, 318, 365, 418, 430, 456, 552, 557, 597, 601, 608, 609 Academy of Sciences Presidium, 177, 377
Afanasyev, Sergey A., 92, 135, 136, 138, 154, 177, 180, 186, 190-194, 198, 203,
229, 232-233, 236, 248-250, 253, 257- 258, 263, 265-266, 269-270, 271-274, 283, 309, 314, 323, 334, 340, 359-360, 364, 365-366, 369, 370, 374, 392, 397, 416-417, 420, 424, 427-429, 431, 433-436, 439, 447, 453, 472-474, 478, 499-500, 504, 526, 529, 531-533, 540, 541, 548-549, 557, 573 Afghanistan, 594, 608 Agadzhanov, Pavel A., 157, 159-160, 167,
476, 478, 487 Agena target vehicle, 157, 159-160, 167,
476, 478, 487 Air Defense Troops (PVO) and systems, 27, 28, 37, 84, 179, 386, 390, 414, 536 Air Force (VVS), xi, xvi, xxx, 40, 92, 106, 156, 166, 169, 179, 362, 363, 394, 399, 431, 468, 471, 472 Air Force Academy, 166 Air Force Medical Monitoring Service, 361 Air Force State Red Banner Scientific- Research Institute (GKNII VVS), 166 Aksenov, Vladimir V., 507 Alabama, 39, 42 Alaska, 313 Aldrin, Edwin E. “Buzz”, x, xxi, 57 Aleksandrov, Anatoliy P., 59-60 Alekseyev, Leonid I., 117, 235, 421, 455 All-Union Film Festival, 568 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Current Sources, see VNIIT All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Electromechanics, see VNIIEM All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Power Sources, 28 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Television, see VNIIT Alma-Ata, 162 Almaz piloted space station, xxiv, 22-23, 243-246, 269, 271, 273, 276, 279, 281, 283-289, 309-310, 317-318, 322, 347, 381-382, 407, 463, 464, 499, 538, 552, 556; launches of, 23, 484-485, 491, 496- 497; use of Almaz to create DOS, 243, 247-249, 253-268 Alper, Naum Ya., 149 Altair relay satellite, 520 Ametist cruise missile, 24 An-24 airplane, 474 Anfimov, Nikolay A., 538 Angara family of launch vehicles, 76, 616 Anokhin, Sergey N., 312-313 antiaircraft missiles, see Air Defense Troops antiballistic missiles, see Anti-Missile Defense
antimissile defense (PRO) forces/systems, xxvii, 20, 26, 27, 37, 84, 179, 246, 316, 386, 390, 516, 518, 536, 591, 616, 619 antisatellite systems, see antispace defense; see also IS (Satellite Destroyer) antispace defense (PKO) forces/systems, 27, 246, 276, 316; see also IS (Satellite Destroyer) Antipov, Yevgeniy F., 466 Antonov, Yu. P., 194, 195 Apollo AS-202 mission, 135 Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM), 51, 56, 184 Apollo spacecraft/program, xviii-xix, xxi, xliii, 12, 39-57, 80, 140, 173, 185, 242, 261-262, 282, 335-336, 437, 568, 585, 587, 590 626
Index Apollo 1 fire, 51, 55, 57 Apollo 4 mission, 51, 55 Apollo 6 mission, 155 Apollo 7 mission, 56 Apollo 8 mission, 14, 56, 171, 183-184 Apollo 9 mission, 56, 213 Apollo 10 mission, 215-216, 238 Apollo 11 mission, x, xxi, xli, 42, 57, 231, 238
Apollo 13 mission, 57, 272 Apollo 14 mission, 292 Apollo 17 mission, 57 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 318, 323, 407-408, 410, 503, 504, 525, 533, 536- 538, 548, 551, 555, 559, 577, 585, 596 apparent velocity control system, see RKS Appazov, Refat F., 194 Application of Quaternions in Solid Body Orientation Problems (book), 465 Aral Sea, 11, 294 Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), xxix Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN), xviii Arctic, xiii, 281, 681 Arefyev, Vyacheslav P., 456, 464 Argon-11 digital computer, 13 Argon-16 digital computer, 245 Armenian Academy of Sciences, 430 Armstrong, Neil A., x, xxi, xli, 57 Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 39-40, 44 Arsenal Factory, 127, 349 Arsentyev, V. M., 194 Artyukhin, Yuriy P., 496-497 ASTP, see Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Atkov, Oleg Yu., 513 Atlas/Atlas-D ICBMs and derived launch vehicles, 48, 153, 585 Atlas Centaur, 585 atomic energy, see nuclear energy atomic industry, see nuclear industry atomic scientists, see nuclear scientists atomic weapons, see nuclear weapons Avdeyev, Sergey V., 600 Averbukh, Vladimir Ya., 151 Aviapribor Factory, 31, 466 Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika (journal), xi-xii Azarov, Anatoliy V., 188, 298 Azov Optical-Mechanical Factory, 225, 255, 337, 453
B B-29 Flying Fortress bomber, 227 Babakin, Georgiy N., 9, 28-29, 113, 138, 171, 185, 189, 190, 215-216, 233, 238, 307, 339, 344, 375, 396 Babkov, Oleg I., 117, 173, 255, 310, 455, 498 Bakhchivandzhi, Grigoriy Ya., 540 Baklanov, Oleg D., 580, 598-599 ballistic missile defense, see missile defense systems Barmin, Vladimir P., 78, 90, 92, 136, 138, 191-192, 200, 202, 204-205, 217, 220, 229, 266, 285, 388, 418, 473, 540, 545- 548, 550, 553, 558, 569-571, 595-596, 598
Bashkin, Yevgeniy A., 117, 175, 247, 248, 250, 255, 259, 293, 297, 300, 301, 306, 308, 323, 327, 342, 359, 363, 455, 461, 462, 466, 469, 470, 477-478, 483, 498 Bashkirtsev (fictional character), 389, 521- 522, 560, 562, 565-566, 568 Battle of Borodino, 560
Bauman Moscow State Technical School (MVTU), 79 Baykonur Cosmodrome, xlii, 35, 176, 290, 350, 353, 416, 427, 438, 484, 539; see also Tyuratam Bazhanov, Yuriy A., 466 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 226 Bedarev, Oleg, 391-392 Bedareva, Mira, 391-392 Beijing, 465 Belikov, Vladimir N., 305 Belov, Nikolay I., 460 Belyayev, Pavel I., 361, 366, 472, 477, 479 Beregovoy, Georgiy T., 166-167, 188, 189, 250, 334, 472-483, 506, 520, 564 Beriya, Lavrentiy P., 246 Besserezhnov, M. F., 188 Bessonov, V. M., 119 Bezverbyy, Vitaliy K., 195, 246, 315
Black Sea, 376, 503 Bleicherode (Germany), 351, 353, 365, 414 Block A (first stage) of N-1 rocket, 73, 93-94, 119-120, 141, 151, 201-202, 207, 208, 228, 230, 234, 300, 418, 424-427, 434, 439, 441-445 627
Rockets and People: Moon Race Block B (second stage) of N-1 rocket, 73, 94, 141, 199, 202, 207, 209, 234, 424, 426-427, 439, 441-445 Block D (L3 stage/Proton upper stage), 12, 13, 22, 76, 88-89, 94-98, 121, 128, 175, 181, 199, 228, 236, 239, 259, 269, 339, 345, 410, 420, 422, 427, 433, 439-440, 596 Block G (L3 stage), 76, 88-89, 91, 94-97, 121, 128, 175, 199, 228, 234, 410, 420, 427, 433, 435, 439-440, 596 Block I (of R-7-based launch vehicles), 82, 322, 370
Block I engine of LOK, 88, 91, 94-97, 121, 128
Block L (of Molniya booster), 82, 313 Block R (planned upper stage of N-1), 258, 261 Block S (planned upper stage of N-1), 258, 261 Block SR (planned upper stage of N-1), 596 Block V (third stage of N-1 rocket), 73-74, 94, 141, 151, 199, 207, 209, 234, 423, 424, 427, 439, 446 Block Ye engine of LK, 27, 88, 91, 94-97, 108, 121, 128, 269 Bobrov, Yevgeniy G., 365 Bobyrev, Igor T., 188, 221 Boeing company, 54 Bogdanovskiy, Stanislav P., 533, 580 Bogomolov, Aleksey F., 92, 105, 324, 375, 376, 418, 423, 424, 442, 443, 456, 558, 570
Bogomolov, Vladislav N., 298, 385-387 Boguslavskiy, Yevgeniy Ya., 391 Boldyrev, Grigoriy G., 459 Bolkhovitinov, Viktor F., 523-524 Bolshevo, 325 Bondaryuk, Mikhail M., 60 Borisenko, Aleksey A., 422 Borisenko, Yuriy N., 498, 513 Borisov, Vladimir A., 409 “Boris Yevseyev” (Chertok’s pseudonym), xi Bragazin, Aleksandr F., 513 Branets, Vladimir N., 455, 465, 466, 498, 506, 510, 511, 513 Bratslavets, Petr F., 164, 298, 372, 473 Brezhnev, Leonid I., 63, 107, 113, 125, 133-135, 138-139, 168, 177, 188, 237, 239, 272, 318, 319, 323, 334, 359, 366, 374, 390, 397, 402, 472, 495, 536, 568- 569, 572 British Museum, 624 Brodskiy, Emil B., 194, 234, 419 Budenny, Semyon M., 131 Budker, Gersh I., 246 Bugayskiy, Viktor N., 267, 284, 291, 292, 293, 299, 305, 309 Bugrov, Vladimir Ye., xxvii Bulgaria, 323 Bululukov, Vladimir A., 295, 296, 297 Bunkin, Boris V., 304, 492 Buran reusable space shuttle, xi, 437- 438, 455, 574; origins of, 521-581; and launch of, 576-577, 606; see also Energiya-Buran Burnazyan, Avetik I., 397, 400, 401 Burya cruise missile project, 262 Bush, George W., 592 Bushuyev, Konstantin D., 85, 87, 93, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 125, 126, 131, 132, 136, 139, 147-148, 154, 172-173, 181-183, 186, 189, 195, 220-222, 225, 227, 243, 246, 248, 253-256, 259-260, 263, 264-265, 266- 267, 284, 290, 293, 299, 304, 307-311, 314-315, 317-318, 334-336, 357, 359, 364-367, 378, 397, 458-459, 469, 471- 473, 482, 528, 537, 556, 571, 596-597; and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 410, 439-440, 533, 548, 556, 596-597; and death of, 597 Bykov, Yuriy S., 83, 105, 161, 456 Download 4.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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