What is consciousness? A new idea about what consciousness is and why we have it reveals how we could recreate it
part of this self-model may be particularly important for
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Bog'liqWhat is consciousness
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- Ghostly essence
part of this self-model may be particularly important for consciousness. Here’s why. Too much information flows through the brain at any moment for it all to be processed in equal depth. To handle that problem, the system evolved a way to focus its resources and shift that focus strategically from object to object: from a nearby object to a distant sound, or to an internal event such as an emotion or memory. Attention is the main way the brain seizes on information and processes it deeply. To control its roving attention, the brain needs a model, which I call the attention schema. Ghostly essence Our attention schema theory explains why people think there is a hard problem of consciousness at all. Efficiency requires the quickest and dirtiest model possible, so the attention schema leaves aside all the little details of signals and neurons and synapses. Instead, the brain describes a simplified version of itself, then reports this as a ghostly, nonphysical essence, a magical ability to mentally possess items. Introspection – or cognition accessing internal information – can never return any other answer. It is like a machine stuck in a logic loop. The attention schema is like a self-reflecting m irror: it is the brain’s representation of how the brain represents things, and is a specific example of higherorder thought. In this account, consciousness isn’t so much an illusion as a self-caricature. A major advantage of this idea is that it gives a simple reason, straight from control engineering, for why the trait of consciousness would evolve in the first place. Without the ability to monitor and regulate your attention, you would be unable to control your actions in the world. That makes the attention schema essential for survival. Consciousness, in this view, isn’t just smoke and mirrors, but a crucial piece of the engine. It probably co-evolved with the ability to focus attention, just as the arm schema co-evolved with the arm. In which case, it would have originated as early as half a billion years ago Sometimes, the best way to understand a thing is to try to build it. According to this new idea we should be able to engineer human-like consciousness into a machine. It would require just four ingredients: artificial attention, a model of that attention, the right range of content (information about things like senses and emotions) and a sophisticated search engine to access the internal models and talk about them. The first component, attention, is one of the most basic processes in most nervous systems. It is nicely described by the global workspace theory. If you look at an object such as an apple, the brain signals related to the apple may grow in strength and consistency. With sufficient attentional enhancement, these signals can reach a threshold where they achieve “ignition” and enter the global workspace. The visual information about the apple becomes available for systems around the brain, such as speech systems that allow you to talk about the apple, motor systems that allow you to reach for it, cognitive systems that allow you to make high-level decisions about it, and memory systems that allow you to store that moment for possible later use. Scientists have already built artificial versions of attention, including at least a simple version of the global workspace. But these machines show no indication of consciousness. The second component that our conscious machine requires is an attention schema, the crucial internal model that describes attention in a general way, and in so doing informs the machine about consciousness. It depicts attention as an invisible property, a mind that can experience or take possession of items, something that in itself has no physical substance but still lurks privately inside an agent. Build that kind of attention schema, and you will have a machine that claims to be conscious in the same ways that people do. The third component our machine needs is the vast stream of material that we associate with consciousness. Ironically, the hard problem – getting the machine to be conscious at all – may be the easy part, and giving the machine the range of material of which to be conscious may be the hard part. Efforts to build conscious content might begin with sensory input, especially vision, because so much is known about how sensory systems work in the brain and how they interact with attention. But a rich sensory consciousness on its own won’t be enough. Our machine should also be able to incorporate internal items such as abstract thought and emotion. Here the engineering problem becomes really tricky. Little is known about the information content in the brain that lies behind abstract thought and emotion, or how they intersect with the mechanisms of attention. Sorting out how to build a machine with that content could take decades. Download 444.38 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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