Word as a lexical unit the main functions of lexical units

MUNDARIJA:

1. 
   WORD AS A LEXICAL UNIT ……………………………………………2
   
2. 
   THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LEXICAL UNITS……………………….…9
   
3. 
   INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH WORDS ACCORDING TO THE PARTS OF SPEECH………………………………………………………15
   
4. 
   OBSERVATION OF LEXICAL UNITS: MORPHEMES, WORDS, VARIABLE WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS……..……………………………………………………………….22
   
5. 
   LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORDS: SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC…………..……………………………………….28
   

XULOSA
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR

1. WORD AS A LEXICAL UNIT
The term «word» denotes the main lexical unit of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning. This unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. It is the smallest unit of a language which can stand alone as a complete utterance.¹ A word is a speech sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes. The branch of linguistics that studies word structures is called morphology. The branch of linguistics that studies word meanings is called lexical semantics. A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial. Different standards have been proposed, depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context; these do not converge on a single definition.  Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description, for example based on phonological, grammatical or orthographic basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.
The concept of "word" is distinguished from that of a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of language that has a meaning, even if it cannot stand on its own.^[1] Words are made out of at least one morpheme. Morphemes can also be joined to create other words in a process of morphological derivation. In English and many other languages, the morphemes that make up a word generally include at least one root (such as "rock", "god", "type", "writ", "can", "not") and possibly some affixes ("-s", "un-", "-ly", "-ness"). Words with more than one root ("[type][writ]er", "[cow][boy]s", "[tele][graph]ically") are called compound words. In turn, words are combined to form other elements of language, such as phrases ("a red rock", "put up with"), clauses ("I threw a rock"), and sentences ("I threw a rock, but missed").
In many languages, the notion of what constitutes a "word" may be learned as part of learning the writing system. This is the case for the English language, and for most languages that are written with alphabets derived from the ancient Latin or Greek alphabets. In English orthography, the letter sequences "rock", "god", "write", "with", "the", and "not" are considered to be single-morpheme words, whereas "rocks", "ungodliness", "typewriter", and "cannot" are words composed of two or more morphemes ("rock"+"s", "un"+"god"+"li"+"ness", "type"+"writ"+"er", and "can"+"not"). Since the beginning of the study of linguistics, numerous attempts at defining what a word is have been made, with many different criteria. However, no satisfying definition has yet been found to apply to all languages and at all levels of linguistic analysis. It is, however, possible to find consistent definitions of "word" at different levels of description.  These include definitions on the phonetic and phonological level, that it is the smallest segment of sound that can be theoretically isolated by word accent and boundary markers; on the orthographic level as a segment indicated by blank spaces in writing or print; on the basis of morphology as the basic element of grammatical paradigms like inflection, different from word-forms; within semantics as the smallest and relatively independent carrier of meaning in a lexicon; and syntactically, as the smallest permutable and substitutable unit of a sentence. ²
In some languages, these different types of words coincide and one can analyze, for example, a "phonological word" as essentially the same as "grammatical word". However, in other languages they may correspond to elements of different size. Much of the difficulty stems from the eurocentric bias, as languages from outside of Europe may not follow the intuitions of European scholars. Some of the criteria for "word" developed can only be applicable to languages of broadly European synthetic structure. Because of this unclear status, some linguists propose avoiding the term "word" altogether, instead focusing on better defined terms such as morphemes. Dictionaries categorize a language's lexicon into individually listed forms called lemmas. These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a "word" in the opinion of the writers of that language. This written form of a word constitutes a lexeme.  The most appropriate means of measuring the length of a word is by counting its syllables or morphemes. When a word has multiple definitions or multiple senses, it may result in confusion in a debate or discussion. The word has intralinguistic and external linguistic properties.³ Central place in the language system from an intralinguistic point of view vision is due to the fact that all other units of the language, one way or otherwise, they are considered precisely in their relation to the word. Phonemes are units of a language insofar as they differentiate words, morphemes - as compound words, phrases and sentences - as a collection of words. So Thus, the word is the connecting link of the language systems. From an extralinguistic point of view, the central the position of a word in a language is determined by the fact that, on the one hand, it serves as the basic unit for naming facts reality, i.e., through words, communication is carried out a person with specific facts of the surrounding reality, and on the other hand, by the fact that the word is the main building material of linguistic statements, with the help of which communication takes place between people. The word has intralinguistic and external linguistic properties. From an external linguistic point of view, the word serves nominative element of the language, i.e. intended for names as specific objects, phenomena, signs the reality surrounding us, and for the nomination abstract entities created by human consciousness. With from an intralinguistic point of view, a word is such unit by which all other language units. Smaller than the word, language units – phonemes and morphemes - the elements of the word are considered. The larger ones than a word, language units - phrases and sentences − defined as a collection of words. Here the word represents is a part of phrases and sentences that consist of words.⁴ Linguists` diverse views on the term of “word”
It is difficult to give a precise definition of a word, and many linguists were even ready to abandon this notion. Here are some from definitions:
1. Ferdinand de Saussure: “ The concept of the word is incompatible with our idea of ​​a particular unit language. Not in a word to be looked for specific unit of language”
2. S. Bally: “ The concept of a word is considered clear; on in fact, it is one of the most ambiguous concepts that found in linguistics”
3. L. V. Shcherba: “... what is a “word”? To me I think it will be in different languages differently. It actually follows from this that the concept of "word" is not at all exists"
4. A.I. Smirnitsky: “The word acts not only as the main vocabulary unit, but also how central, nodal unit in general language"
5. A.A. Reformatsky: “The word is a meaningful unit of language, whose main function is nomination. Unlike morphemes, minimal, meaningful units of language, the word itself; grammatically designed according to the laws of this language, possesses not only real, but also lexical meaning. Unlike proposal with the property complete communication, word like such is not communicative, but precisely from words are built sentences for implementation of communication"
6. B. N. Golovin: “The word is the smallest, most significant semantic unit of language, freely reproducible in speech to build statements".⁵
The word acts as the most important unit of language, since in it implements the unity of all the basic elements of the language structures. In a word, one can distinguish sound, grammatical and lexical side that exist in unity. word not can exist outside the material (sound) design and outside the grammatical, i.e. cannot have grammatical features characteristic of a certain group of words. The word can express real concepts (man, sky, earth, town, mountains) and false ones (mermaid, fairy, magician). But words and concepts are not identical: a word is a unit of language, a concept is unit of thought. Words name objects and phenomena objective reality and have a certain subject correlation. The concept is a mediated, generalized reflection of reality in thought. The concept generalizes item features:
1. The same word can express both general and single concept in various cases of use. For example, in the sentence The telephone is a useful invention does not imply some specific phone, but the phone in general, i.e. the word telephone expresses a general concept. In the sentence The telephone is out of order we mean a specific phone, in this case the word telephone expresses a particular concept. So, the word telephone with on the one hand expresses a particular concept, and on the other hand names a specific phone;
2. Since the word denotes an object and a phenomenon, it has a subject-material content, which is its lexical meaning. Lexical meaning and concept is not the same. Meaning is based on a certain concept, and the meaning is wider than the concept, since it includes in an additional characteristic of the expressed concept, stylistic coloring, the attitude of the speaker to what is happening. So, the words sweat and perspiration - sweat, to try and to endeavor - to try express the same concept, but their meanings differ stylistically coloration: sweat, to try neutral, perspiration, to endeavor words book style. The word can have a direct and figurative meaning. Direct the value is directly the name of the subject or phenomena, and the figurative is based on the transfer of the word as a name from one object to another object or phenomenon on the basis of any similarity (head of the family, green youth).⁶
3. When communicating, words are used in combination with in other words, however, the word does not combine with any word, but with a certain range of words. The ability of a word to combine with certain words depends on its meaning and on norms of connection of words inherent in this language. One word can have a wide range of words, like to have, good, others are limited - to moo moo. If the word is used in an unusual combination, it acquires a figurative meaning.
4. Each word refers to a certain part of speech, this belonging is determined by three features:
a) the type of concept being expressed;
5. its inherent grammatical categories;
b) syntactic functions in the sentence.
So, the word beautiful expresses the concept of quality, has degree of comparison, and performs the functions of definition. The combination of these signs shows that the word beautiful - adjective;
c) all words have a meaning, however, some words are the names of objects (have a nominative function), others make connections between words and point to relations between words (carry a service function): prepositions, unions. Thus, words that name objects, phenomena, qualities are significant parts of speech and perform the role of the members of the proposal. Words that link between words, are called office. Thus, the word is multifaceted and represents unity of several sides: sound, because it has a certain sound composition, grammatical, because is always grammatically expressed and semantic, because has value. In connected speech in the process of linguistic communication, the word appears in the context of other words. The verbal environment in which the word is used is called the context. Context specifies and clarifies the meaning of the word, changes it, gives new shades of the meaning of the word. Therefore, the meaning of the word determined and conditioned by the context.⁷