Works of young research scientists in New Uzbekistan

Abstract. In this article, Zhang Xiang, who visited the region of Central Asia, has long been known for its convenient geographical location, fertile lands, valuable information about the history of our country and at the same time what he did for China are covered in the article.
Key words: China, Zhang Xiang, Dawan, Han, Dasya, Shendu, Shiji, Yansai, Usun, Kangyu, Great Silk Road, Sima Xiang, Wu-Di, Bukhara.
In 138 B.C., the Chinese emperor Wu Di sent his son Zhang Xian as an ambassador to the Fergana Valley to find an ally against the Huns, who were interfering with the state's security. On the way, he was captured by the Huns and forced to live there for 10 years. He managed to escape from captivity, and passed through the high passes of Tien-Shan, reached Issyk Lake, and then crossed the Narin River to the Fergana Valley.[1] In another source, the Han dynasty of China, which is said about Zhang Xiang, was also fighting against the Huns. Zhang Xiang was accompanied by the Hun guide Tani Hunuganfu on his journey to the west. However, on the way he was captured by the Huns and brought to their ruler. Zhang Xian was married to a Hun girl and had a son. But when a favorable opportunity came, he and his companions escaped from captivity and continued their journey. He came to ancient Fargona - Davan. [2] Zhang Xiang first visited Davan, located west of the Tarim basin in Fergana province. Vultures are very popular here. Zhang Xiang pointed out that Dawan was not directly west of the capital of the Han Empire, but to the northwest. According to his information, the distance and directions are given as follows:

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  10,000 in the west from Chan-dan to Dawan (Fergana);
  
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  5000 from Chan-dan to Yangze;
  
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  2000 from Dawan to the north or northwest of Kangju;
  
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  2,000 from Dawan to northeastern Usun state;
  
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  2000 in the southwest from Davan to Dasya (Greco-Bactria);
  
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  2000-3000 from Dawan to Dayuechi in the west;
  
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  a few thousand in the west from Dayueji to Annecy;
  
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  a few thousand in the southeast from Dasya to Shendu (India).
  

However, according to the above map, we can conclude that Zhang Xiang's information about the distance of 2000-3000 li between the Dawan and Dayueji states is illogical and exaggerated.[3-181]
Zhang Xiang (ca. 103 BC) was a Chinese diplomat and traveler. In 115 BC, he was sent as the head of the ambassadors to the ruler (gunmo) of the nomadic Usun tribe in the west of the Chinese borders. Zhang Xiang persuaded him to form an alliance with China. The route taken by Zhang Xiang from China to Central Asia was later called the Great Silk Road in Europe. Western countries - Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan were unknown to the Chinese until Zhang Xiang's trip. The main reason for China to establish diplomatic relations with the West was the war between the Huns and the Yuechi (Tokhars) in the first half of the first century BC. The Yuechi were defeated in this war, and most of them moved from present-day Gansu province to Yettsuv, but even here the Huns persecuted them without giving them peace. They were forced to go to the south of Central Asia, to Bactria, where they participated with other tribes in the destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. Later, the descendants of Yuechi founded the Kushan kingdom.


The governor of Davan said that he intends to establish diplomatic relations with China. Zhang Xian gained valuable information about the occupation of the people of Dawan. Emperor U-di was especially fond of the Davan vultures. Zhang Xiang passed from Davan to Kangyu (see Kang State), then went south to Daxia (Bactria). He stayed there for a year and returned, but on the way he was again captured by the Huns. However, after 1 year, he managed to escape to China, taking advantage of internal conflicts among the Huns. His 1 trip to western countries lasted 13 years. Out of 100 companions who set out with him, only 2 people returned safely, he and his guide. After returning to China, Zhang Xiang prepared a detailed report for the emperor. In his report, he gave information about the states and possessions in Central Asia, Davan, Usun, Kangyu, Daxia, Yansai, Katta Yuechi and others.[4]
Zhang Xiang (103 B.C)
Zhang Xiang traveled to India through the seas of Burma (now Myanmar) and Assam (now a separate state of India) and Southeast Asia. This route traveled by tourists has become the main road connecting China with the Ganges Valley. The southern branch of the Great Silk Road, a world-important trade route from China to the countries of Central and Western Asia, passed through it on the threshold of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. In the middle of 118 BC, Zhang Xiang made a successful second trip to Central Asia through the Tien Shan Mountains. Chinese historian Sima Xian wrote about this that "as a result of this trip, China opened communication channels with the countries located in the northwest". About Zhang Xian, who is mentioned extensively in the Chinese historical chronicles of the 1st century BC, "Historical Memoirs" (Shiji) by Sima Xian. Zhang Xiang directly Dawan in Ferghana is the ancient Chinese Dayuan. Chinese sources of the II-I centuries BC describe this ancient state in the Ferghana Valley as a vast, prosperous, rich country. The population was 300 thousand people.[5-149]
After reaching Ferghana, he invites the local ruler to fight against the Huns. However, they admit that they can only cooperate in trade. Zhang Xiang returns to his country and shows convenient trade routes to get here. The emperor gives him the title of "Great Traveler" in return for his services. Zhang Xiang takes not only the horses from Fergana, but also the oats for their maintenance. As a result, oat cultivation begins in many parts of China. Trade relations with China are gradually improving. The imperial family sent trade caravans here 5-6 times, mainly silk and jewelry. In turn, they left Fergana in exchange for jade, horse and other products. Products imported from China, in turn, spread to other countries through Iran.[6-7]
After Zhang Xiang's trip, Chinese trade relations with Central Asia developed very rapidly. The development of trade relations with China and Central Asia led to the accumulation of very valuable geographical information in China. He left many meaningful manuscripts about Central Asia. According to Chinese historian Sima Xiang, Zhang Xiang was trusted everywhere and "loved by foreigners from the South and East." [7]
Zhang Xiang's travel reports explored and mapped the political and trade-economic relations between Eastern and Western countries including Australia, the western coast of North America, and the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. He played an important role in the development of cartography and played an important role in the transformation of the "Great Silk Road" into a trade route of world importance. That is why experts compare the Chinese tourist's travel report with Christopher Columbus's letter to the treasurer of the Spanish king, Luis de Santaxel, about the discovery of the "New World", i.e. America.[8]
Travel and Discovery In the 16th century BC, the ancient state of Yin existed on the Great China Plain. The Yins were the first to breed silkworms and produce silk cloth (a symbol of the state). The Chinese became famous all over the world by creating a war chariot, mastering the technique of casting bronze, inventing hieroglyphs, gunpowder, and paper. BC invented the magnetic compass. Then it resembled a magnetic spoon, rotating around its axis on a copper stand, with divisions marking the parts of the world. The direction the spoon pointed was always South. The compass was called at that time: "a spoon that rules the world." According to research, after the crisis of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Zhang Xiang, a Chinese traveler who came to Bactria in 128 or 126, noted that Bactria consisted of many small independent estates and reported that "almost every city here had its own ruler." Also, Chinese sources provide information about 5 possessions that had some independence in the Western regions (Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan) and conducted foreign policy. This traditional type of state union apparently dates back to the millennium BC. It begins to form at the end of the 2nd millennium - the beginning of the 1st millennium. This type was preserved during the Achaemenid period in the development of similar estates governed by elected leaders and councils of elders. The properties of Sisimitr, Horien and Oxyart in the written sources of antiquity emphasize this". In the transitional periods of ancient statehood (II-I BC, III-IV centuries AD), this type of "State" is of particular importance. In particular, large estates (Bukhara, Kesh, Choch) are distinguished on the basis of historical and cultural regions. .[9-113]
At that time, the country was also in turmoil. In 138 BC, the Chinese emperor U-Di planned an alliance with the enemy of his enemy. In those days, powerful Hun tribes threatened China from the north. U-Di hoped that the alliance with the Huns, the Yueji Turkic nomadic tribe, would help defeat the enemy. The Han Emperor sent his ambassador Zhang Xiang to them - an experienced, brave and enduring man. With a retinue of 100 men and a skilled hunter, guide and interpreter, Gan-Fu Zhang Xiang left Longxi. Ahead was an unknown road through deserts and mountains, which was difficult and full of dangers. The Chinese only knew that Yueji had been defeated by the Huns in 177 BC, who made a bowl out of the Yueji ruler's head with unprecedented cruelty. Zhang Xiang's Usun mission was very important: "China opened relations with the countries located in the northwest", he collected information about Sogdia, Bactria, Parthia.[10] Fourteen new provinces were established in the lands opened for China by Zhang Xiang, and this would lead to the development of China. The basis of Zhang Xiang's most famous travels was only the Great Silk Road.