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- Two views of 23-01, with dummy R-23 guided missiles. 119 M i G 105- MiG 105-11
- with skids 120 MiG 1 0 5 - 1 1 / MiG 1 . 4 4 Above left and right: Two
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- Design Bureau
Purpose: To evaluate a STOL fighter larger than the MiG-21. Design Bureau: OKB-155 of A I Mikoyan. By the 1960s, though the MiG-21 was going from strength to strength, the family of so- called heavy interceptors were being over- taken by the Ye-155 project (which became the MiG-25), and, by now facing severe com- petition from Sukhoi, there was an urgent need for a new tactical family more capable than the MiG-21. The new engine KB of K Khachaturov had produced an outstanding new engine, the R-27-300 (as before, the suf- fix -300 signified Factory No 300), an after- burning turbojet with maximum thrust of 7,800kg (17,196 Ib). This was intermediate be- tween MiG-21 engines and those of the big in- terceptors. Mikoyan began studying future prospects for this engine in 1960. In 1964 he obtained an order for the 23-01 with a delta wing and a lift-engine bay, and in 1965 he was ordered to build the competing 23-11 with no lift engines but a variable-geometry 'swing wing'. Even though the 23-01 was managed by V A Mikoyan, second son of the General Constructor's brother Anastas, President of the Supreme Soviet, it was considered in the OKB (correctly, as it turned out) to be a waste of time. This was because of the American fixation on the VG wing for the F-l 11. Despite this, the 23-01 was the subject of meticulous effort. The wing was like a scaled-up version of the blown-flap MiG-21, almost as large as a Ye-152, but with different main landing gear geometry. The tailplanes were of a new de- sign, with sharp taper (almost becoming delta shape) and tips cropped at the Mach angle. The fuselage was totally new, with a nose designed to accommodate a powerful radar fire-control system (not fitted), lateral inlets with sliding centrebodies for the main engine, and a lift-engine bay between the main-engine ducts almost identical to that of the 23-31. The two RD-36-35 lift turbojets had a combined thrust of only 4,700kg (10,362 Ib), and as this was a mere 29.5 per cent of the gross weight the 23-01 was never flown slow- er than 150km/h (93mph). Thus, it was not fit- ted with reaction-control jets. The landing gears were new, the large KT-133 main- wheels being housed upright in the sides of the fuselage and the nose unit having twin wheels, power steering and retracting not for- wards but backwards. The KN-type seat was installed in a cockpit similar to that of con- temporary MiG-21s. Ostapenko began the brief factory test programme on 3rd April 1967. He was soon joined by Fedotov, but long before the 23-01 was completed Mikoy- an had ceased to be interested in lift jets. With one eye on disinformation the number 23 was painted on the fuselage, an inoperative GSh-23L gun was fitted, and dummy Vympel R-23R and R-23T missiles were hung under the wings. The 23-01 was then briefly demon- strated at the big airshow at Moscow Do- modyedovo on 9th July 1967. 118 M 1 G - 2 3 P D , 23-01 MJG-23PD, 23-01 Dimensions Span Length (excl PVD boom) Wing area Weights Empty Loaded 7.72m 16.8m 40.0m 2 12,020kg 16,000kg Performance Take-off run (light) 1 80-200 m Landing run (with parabrake) 250 m 25 ft m in 55 ft 1% in 430.6ft 2 26,500 Ib 35,273 Ib 59I-656 ft 820ft Two views of 23-01, with dummy R-23 guided missiles. 119 M i G 105- MiG 105-11 Purpose: To investigate the low-speed handling within the atmosphere of an orbital shape. Design Bureau: OKB-155 of AI Mikoyan. By 1965 the Mikoyan OKB was deeply into the technology of reusable aero-space vehicles. Under 'oldest inhabitant' G Ye Lozino-Lozin- skiy a shape was worked out called BOR (from Russian for pilotless orbital rocket air- craft), and in turn this was the basis for the manned Epos (an epic tale). The BOR test ve- hicles had been fired by rocket and recovered by parachute, but a manned vehicle had to land in the conventional way. It was consid- ered prudent to build a manned test vehicle to explore low-speed handling and landing. Called 105-11, -12 and -13, only the first is be- lieved to have flown. The OKB pilot was Aviard Fastovets, and he began high-speed taxi tests at Zhukovskii in September 1976. On l l t h October 1976 he took off and climbed straight ahead to 560m (1,837ft). He landed as planned at an airfield about 19km (12 miles) ahead. On 27th November 1977 he entered 105-11 slung under the Mikoyan OKB's Tu-95K (previously used for cruise-missile tests) and landed on an unpaved strip after release at 5,000m (16,400ft). The 105-11 made seven further flights, the last in September 1978. It was then retired to the Monino museum. The 105-11 was almost the size of a MiG-21, and was likewise a single-jet tailless delta. The fuselage had a broad 'waverider' shape, with a flat underside, and the cockpit at the front was entered via a roof hatch. From the sides projected small swept wings with elevens, and there was a large fin and rudder. The engine was an RD-36-35K turbojet de- rived from the previously used lift engines, rated at 2,000kg (4,409 Ib). It was fed by a dor- sal inlet with an upward-hinged door to fair the engine in when in high-speed gliding flight. Features of the eventual hypersonic Epos included a flat unfaired tail end to the broad fuselage, the upper surface comprising large upward-hinged airbrakes, and a struc- ture designed to accommodate severe ther- mal gradients, though the 105-11 was never designed to fly faster than Mach 0.8. Early test- ing was done with rubber-tyred wheels on the front two retractable legs and steel skis on the rear pair (the OKB record that the runway was lubricated by crushed melons). For the air-drop tests all four legs had steel skids. The brief flights of the 105-11 confirmed the design of a manned aero-space vehicle, lead- ing to the Buran (see later). Dimensions Span Length (excluding multi-vane PVD instrument boom) Area of wing and lifting body Weights Empty Fuel Loaded Performance Maximum speed (design) (actually reached) about Landing speed 6.7m 10.6m 24.0 nf 3,500kg 500kg 4,220kg Mach 0.8 800km/h 250-270 km/h 21 ft 11% in 34ft9 3 /Sin 258ft 2 7,716 Ib 1,102 Ib 9,300 Ib 500 mph 155-168 mph 105-11, with skids 120 MiG 1 0 5 - 1 1 / MiG 1 . 4 4 Above left and right: Two views of 105-11. Left: 105-11, with skids, preserved at Monino. MiG 1.44 Purpose: Technology test-bed to support the 1.42 multirole fighter. Design Bureau: ANPK (Aviatsionnyi Nauchno-Promishlennyi Kompleks) MiG, now the main design unit of RSK 'MiG'. In 1983 the large and powerful MiG OKB began general parametric study of an MFI (Mnogofunktsionahl'nyi Frontovoi Istrebitel, multirole tactical fighter). This was to be a to- tally new aircraft as ahead of global competi- tion as the MiG-29 had been. It was to be larger than the MiG-29, to serve as a succes- sor to the long-range MiG-31 and MiG-31M interceptors, but also with the supermanoeu- vrability needed for close combat and the ability to fly air-to-ground missions as well. In 1986 the Council of Ministers issued a direc- tive ordering MiG, Sukhoi and Yakovlev to make proposals for a 'fifth-generation' fighter to counter the threat posed by the USAF's Ad- vanced Tactical Fighter, which later led to the F-22A Raptor. The WS called the require- ment I-90 (Istrebitel, fighter, for the 1990s). The MiG project staff eventually settled on two configurations, called Izdelye (product) 1.41 and 1.43. After prolonged discussion with the WS, features of both were combined in the 1.42. In late 1986 contracts were placed for a static-test airframe, a dynamic and fa- tigue-test airframe and two flight articles, as well as for the totally new AL-41F engine, N-014 radar and various special test rigs. Supervised by General Constructor Rostislav Apollosovich Belyakov, detailed design pro- ceeded under Chief Project Engineer Grigorii Sedov, later succeeded by Yuriy Vorotnikov. So great was the designers' faith in the 1.42 that complete manufacturing documentation and software was completed at an early stage. Largely computerised manufacturing began at the Mikoyan experimental shop in 1989. The first flight article, designated 1.44, is a simplified technology demonstrator to prove the aerodynamics and flying qualities, performance and propulsion. Compared with the 1.42 it has an almost pure delta wing (in- stead of a cranked leading edge) and a slight- ly different air inlet system, and lacks the radar, mission avionics and internal weapons bay. By 1991 the 1.44 was structurally com- plete, but was awaiting flight-cleared en- gines, the agregat (accessory gearbox) and several other components. By this time col- lapse of the Soviet Union had begun to cut off funding and seriously delay the programme. The original first-flight date of 1991 -92 was for- gotten, but in December 1994 the 1.44 was completed and brought by road to the OKB's flight-test facility at the Zhukovskii NIl-WS (air force flight-test institute). On 15th De- cember 1994 Roman Taskaev, then Chief Test Pilot, began fast taxying trials. Though sever- al crucial elements had not been cleared for flight it was hoped to display the aircraft 'Blue 01' at the MAKS 1995 show in August 1995. However, in May 1995 the hope of imminent flight trials was dashed when ANPK MiG be- came part of MAPO, whose sole interest was producing aircraft, such as the MiG-29 and various other types (by no means all of MiG design) to raise money. Things changed in September 1997, when Sukhoi flew the rival S-37 and Mikhail Korzhuyev was appointed ANPK MiG's General Director. He was deter- mined not to let this rival, and possible link to the next generation, languish in its hangar any longer. In December 1995 he got the WS to declassify photographs taken on first rollout in 1994. He then obtained permission for guests, including Defence Minister Igor Sergeyev, to walk round the 1.44 on 12th Jan- uary 1999. On that occasion the aircraft rolled out under its own power (with astonishing quietness), Vladimir Gorboonov in the cock- pit. At least one observer was impressed, Air Force/Air-Defence Force C-in-C Col-Gen Ana- toliy Kornookov saying 'This aircraft can do everything you want it to'. Gorboonov began the much-delayed flight-test programme on 15 February 2000, Korzhuyev saying 'We can make the first five or six flights without exter- nal financing'. The 1.44 is an extremely large single-seater, designed to fly significantly faster than any air- craft it might encounter. Each wing is an al- 121 M i G 1 . 4 4 most pure cropped delta with a thickness/ chord ratio of about 3.5 per cent and leading- edge angle of about 48° (50° over the inner- most section). On the leading edge are almost full-span hinged flaps, while on the trailing edge are large inboard and outboard flaperons driven by power units in underwing fairings. Unlike the MiG-29, the wing is not blended into the fuselage, nor does it have a LERX (leading-edge root extension). As far forward as possible without interfering with pilot view are enormous canard foreplanes, driven over a large angular range. Each has a sharp dogtooth, and a second smaller dog- tooth due to the fact that these are 1.42 ca- nards which do not perfectly match the large bulging fixed roots of the 1.44. Like the MiG- 29 a structural beam projects behind each wing to carry the outward-sloping upper fins, but these beams are much further apart. Thus, there is now a wide space between the beam and the adjacent engine, and in this is placed a secondary elevator, driven by a pow- erful actuator in a projecting fairing. Each fin has an inset rudder, and under the beams are vertical underpins with powered rudders. The basic aircraft is designed to be longitudinally unstable and to fight at alphas (angles of at- tack) up to at least 100°, which explains the unprecedented 16 flight-control surfaces. These are needed because, unlike the F-22 (say Mikoyan) the basic aircraft is designed for close air combat. At high alphas powerful lift is generated by the canards and by the flat nose and huge flat underside of the fuselage. Absence of LERXs means that, instead of there being an inlet under each wing, there is a single giant rectangular inlet a considerable distance below the forward fuselage. In view of the high design Mach number, the upper wall is fully variable, the sides are cut sharply back in side view, and the lower lip hinges down in high-alpha flight. The ducts diverge immediately to pass the nose gear, and then rise over the weapons bay (in this prototype occupied by instrumentation). The faces of the engines cannot be seen externally. The Saturn (Lyul'ka) AL-41F augmented tur- bofans are quite close together. Prototype engines were made available because, un- like the S-37, the Mikoyan aircraft is the offi- cial choice as the next-generation fighter. Dry and maximum ratings are approximately 12,000kg (26,455 Ib) and 20,000kg (44,090 Ib). This engine, said General Designer Dr Viktor Chepkin, was designed for 'the new tactical fighters of the 1990s'. In 1993 he told co-au- thor Gunston that the dry weight of the AL-41F is 'about the same as that of the previous-gen- eration engines with half the power', the ac- tual T/W (thrust:weight ratio) being 11.1 compared with 8 for the AL-31F. On the pub- lic rollout of the 1.44 the engines were aston- ishingly quiet. By 1997 a total of 27 AL-41 and AL-4 IF engines had run, and extensive flight testing had taken place under a Tu-16 and in the left position of a MiG-25. T/W ratio of the clean aircraft is no less than about 1.33. The nozzles are circular, with petals giving a vari- able convergent/divergent profile, their inner faces being coated with a tan-coloured ce- ramic. Each nozzle can be vectored over lim- its of ±15° vertically and ±8° horizontally. In the nose is a forked pair of pilot tubes. The canopy swings up and back on four parallel arms. Above the huge wing the fuselage has visible waisting, and the broad but shallow central spine (which can readily be enlarged Mikoyan 1.44 122 M i G 1.44 Mikoyan 1.44 if necessary) terminates in a capacious bay for a braking parachute. The landing gears all have levered trailing-link suspension, the sin- gle-wheel main units swinging forward into compartments beside the 'weapons bay' and the steerable twin-wheel nose unit retracting backwards to lie between the ducts. There is no problem with nosewheel slush entering the ducts, the height of the landing gears being dictated by landing attitude. Though Blue 01 has the full Avionika KSU-I-42 digital control system, which interlinks all the flight controls and engine nozzles, it does not have the intended Fazotron N-014 (beetle) multi- mode radar nor the aft-facing radar and coun- termeasures which in the 1.42 would occupy the two tailcones. In an armed aircraft provi- sion would be made for a heavy load of weapons internally and on wing pylons (the 1.44 has hardpoints for six), and also for a 30mm gun. Dielectric flush antennas face in all directions, though in the 1.44 many are empty. The 1.44 lacks a RAM (radar-ab- sorbent material) coating, but Mikoyan claim the RCS (radar cross-section) of the MFI would be 'similar to that of the smaller F-22'. Had the MFI progressed according to its original schedule it could well have been, if not a world-beater, at least a formidable rival to the much slower F-22. As it is, unless ANPK MiG can find a rich foreign partner, it could gradually be overtaken by foreign competi- tors. In any case, the days when MiGs sold partly because of their low price are over. Several analysts consider that a production MFI would have to be priced at not less than US$100 million. Indeed, Korzhuyev has gone so far as to suggest that, instead of being one step away from a production MFI, the 1.44 must be regarded as 'a flying laboratory to as- sist the development of a new fighter that will be smaller and cheaper'. 123 Dimensions (estimated) Span about Length about Wing /canard area about Weights Weight empty about Loaded (normal) (maximum) Performance Maximum speed (high altitude) Maximum cruising speed (dry thrust) Range (internal fuel) not less than 15.5m 20.7m 120m 2 18 tonnes 27 tonnes 35 tonnes 2,765 km/h l,800km/h 3,000 km 50 ft 1014 in 67 ft 11 in 1,292 ft 2 39,683 Ib 59,500 Ib 77,160 Ib 1,718 mph (Mach 2.6) 1,1 18 mph (Mach 1.69) 1,864 miles M i G 1 . 4 4 124 Views of Mikoyan 1.44 M O L N I Y A B U R A N B T S - 0 0 2 Molniya Buran BTS-002 Purpose: To develop the optimum Buran landing profiles and techniques and train Cosmonauts to fly the Buran spacecraft. Design Bureau: NPO Molniya, Moscow, General Director Gleb E Lozino-Lozinskii. In 1976 the various A I Mikoyan spacecraft - Spiral and Epos, and the 105-11 described previously-were terminated and replaced by the Buran (Snowstorm) programme. This was assigned to NPO Energiya for the rocket launch vehicle, with a total thrust at boost separation of 4,037 tonnes (8,900,000 Ib), and NPO Molniya for the reusable winged orbiter. Lozino-Lozinskii, then 67, was transferred from the MiG OKB to head the Molniya team. In 1978 work began on a series of BTS (initials from Russian for Big Transport Ship) projects which eventually totalled eight, BTS-001 through BTS-006 plus BTS-011 and BTS-015. Of these BTS-002 was a complete manned air vehicle to explore the landing profiles and handling, and - together with prolonged training on various other aircraft, notably a Tu-154LL - train the future crews. More than 7,000 atmospheric entries, glides and land- ings had been simulated mathematically, and in tunnel testing of models, but there was no substitute for actually flying a Buran type ve- hicle. In summer 1984 BTS-002 was taken by VM-T carrier aircraft to Jubilee airfield near the Cosmodrome at Baikonur. Here it began taxi testing on 29th December 1984. Almost a year then elapsed before the first flight, on 10th November 1985 This was a sin- gle take-off, wide circuit and landing, lasting 12 minutes. The Commander was Igor P Volk and the pilot Rimantas A A Stankyavichus. This crew flew many other missions, togeth- er with five other Cosmonauts. An important flight was No 8, on 23rd December 1986, when the Volk/Stankyavichus crew made the first 'hands off automatic approach and land- ing from a height of 4km. The last flight of BTS-002 took place on 15th April 1988, just over seven months before the first launch of a Buran in November 1988 made the 'atmospheric analog' redundant. It made a final high-speed taxi test on 20th De- cember 1989 and was then retired, but placed on view to the public at MosAero-92 at Zhukovskii. The airframe of BTS-002 was geometrically identical to the Buran, and it had the same flight-control system and software. The four large elevens, four sections of rudder (upper and lower left and upper and lower right, which split apart to act as airbrakes) and door-type ventral airbrake were identical. So were the twin-wheel landing gears, K-36L seats and triple cruciform braking para- chutes. On the other hand it was devoid of the 38,000 ceramic tiles and of virtually all the complex on-board systems of the spacecraft. Dimensions Span Length Wing area Weights Empty, similar to Buran 23.92 m 36.367 m 250 nf 82 tonnes Loaded, less than the orbiter 96 tonnes Performance Normal maximum speed on each flight Normal peak of trajectory Endurance 600 km/h 4,000 m SOmin 78 ft 5 3 /4 in 119 ft 3 3 / in 2,690ft 2 180,77615 211, 640 Ib 373 mph 13,123ft BTS-002 125 M O L N I Y A B U R A N B T S - 0 0 2 / M O S K A L Y O V S A M - 4 S I G M A In particular, the propulsion systems were to- tally different. The orbiter had no main en- gines, relying totally on the mighty launch rocket, but it did have two OMEs (orbital ma- noeuvring engines) and 42 small thrusters for attitude control in space. The BTS-002 need- ed none of these, but instead had four Lyul'- ka AL-21F-3 afterburning turbojets, each rated at 11,200kg (24,800 Ib) thrust. These were arranged one on each side of the rear fuselage and one on each side at the base of the fin. Of course it also needed a conven- tional kerosene fuel system. The engines were used only for taxying to the runway and for take-off and landing. The important part of the flight had to be a glide, simulating the or- biter. Presence of the four air-breathing en- gines was said to have little effect upon the vehicle's flight characteristics. BTS-002 did everything it was designed to do. Unfortunately, the main Buran pro- gramme eventually ran eight years later and Download 179.26 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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