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- Tupolev
- DI-8 T U P O L E V Tu-2 E X P E R I M E N T A L V E R S I O N S Tupolev Tu-2 Experimental Versions
- Tu-2LL testing RD-45 (copy of
- Tupolev Tu-4 Experimental Versions Purpose
- Tu-4 test-bed for NK-12 turboprop.
Two views of ANT-23 after modification. 194 Dimensions Span Length Wing area Weights Empty Loaded Performance 15.67m 9.52m 33.0 m 2 1,818kg 2,405 kg Max speed at 5 km (16,400 ft) 318 km/h Time to climb to 5 km Service ceiling Range Landing speed 7.7 min 9,320 m 405km l00knVh 51 ft 5 in 31 ft 2 in 355 ft 2 4,008 Ib 5,302 Ib 198 mph (16,400ft) 30,580ft 252 miles 62 mph T U P O L E V A N T - 2 9 , D I P Tupolev ANT-29, DIP Purpose: A heavy fighter with large-calibre recoilless guns. Design Bureau: KOSOS-CAHI (department of experimental aeroplane construction, central aero-hydrodynamics institute), Chief Constructor A N Tupolev. This large fighter was a natural successor to the ANT-21 MI-3 (MI = multi-seat fighter) or- dered in January 1932 and flown in May 1933. Whereas that aircraft had had conventional armament, the ANT-29 or DIP (Dvukhmestnyi Istrebitel' Pushechnyi, two-seat cannon [armed] fighter) was designed around two of the largest available calibre of APK recoilless guns (see preceding story). Funds for a single prototype were made available by the WS in September 1932. Tupolev entrusted the de- sign to his first deputy P O Sukhoi. Normally the aircraft would have flown in about a year, but priority was given to the ANT-40 fast bomber (which flew in 1934 as the SB), and the ANT-29 was not completed until February 1935. Flight testing was started by S A Korzin- shchikov, who reported that the flight con- trols, especially the ailerons and rudder, were unacceptably ineffective. This prototype was returned to CAHI's ZOK (factory for prototype construction) for rectification, the main task being to re-skin the control surfaces. Testing resumed in late 1935, but by this time the ANT-46 (DI-8) was flying. The ANT-29 be- longed to the previous generation, and it was abandoned in March 1936. Like its predecessor, the ANT-21, the ANT- 29 was an aerodynamically clean monoplane powered by two liquid-cooled engines. The wings were aerodynamically similar but to- tally different structurally, and the engines likewise were quite new. They were two of the first 760hp Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs 12-cylin- der engines to be imported into the Soviet Union. Later this engine was developed by VYaKlimov into the VK-103 and VK-105, of which over 129,000 were constructed. In this aircraft they drove imported French Chau- viere three-blade variable-pitch propellers of 3.5m (138in) diameter. Carburettor air en- tered through a small inlet under the wing leading edge, and the radiator was in a shut- ter-controlled duct directly under the engine. The wing had a modern structure with two plate spars, made as a 3m (9ft 1 0in) horizon- tal centre section and 5.9m (19ft 4in) outer panels with taper and dihedral. Like the rest of the airframe the outer wing skins were smooth. In this Sukhoi broke new ground, previous 'ANT' aircraft having had corrugated metal skins showing that they originated in Junkers technology of the early 1920s. The short fuselage was of tall oval section and ANT-29, DIP 195 T U P O L E V A N T - 2 9 , D I P seated the pilot in the nose under a rearward- sliding canopy and a backseater over the trail- ing edge under a forward-sliding canopy (as in early versions of the SB). The backseater would have worked radio had it been fitted, but his main task was to check the automatic reloading of the guns and clear stoppages. The wings were fitted with large two-part ailerons and split flaps, while the tail carried the wire-braced tailplane high up the fin, the elevators and rudder having large Flettner (servo) tabs. Like the ANT-21 and SB, the main landing gears had single shock-struts with a fork carrying the axle for a braked wheel with a 900 x 280mm tyre which, after retraction to the rear, partially projected to minimise damage in a wheels-up landing. At the rear was a large tailskid. Main-gear re- traction, like flap operation, was hydraulic. The primary armament comprised two APK- 8 recoilless guns, also known as DRP (Dy- namo-Reaktivnaya Pushka), mounted one above the other. The feed was via two chutes on opposite sides of the fuselage. Each gun had an unrifled barrel about 4m (13ft lin) long, with a calibre of 102mm (4in). The firing chamber was connected at the rear to a re- coil tube terminating in the recoil-cancelling divergent rear nozzle, extended a safe dis- tance behind the rudder, through which pro- pellant gas blasted when each round was fired. Sighting was done with an optical sight in a prominent fairing ahead of the wind- screen, and could be assisted by firing tracer from two 7.62mm ShKAS machine guns in the wing roots (these are shown in Shavrov's drawings, but unlike the main armament they do not appear ever to have been installed). It was intended also to fit a pivot-mounted ShKAS in the rear cockpit. There was no pro- vision for a bomb load. Arguments over ar- mament continued, but no attempt was made to test the ANT-29 with the alternative forward-firing armament of a 20mm ShVAK in each wing root. By the time it was on test this was no longer an important aircraft, and (for reasons not recorded) it failed NIl-WS testing. Two views of ANT-29. 196 Dimensions Span Length overall (excluding guns) Wing area Weights Empty Fuel/oil Loaded (normal) (maximum) Performance Max speed at sea level, at 4 km (13, 123 ft) 19.19m 11.65m l l . l m 56.88 nf 3,876kg 720+80 kg 4,960kg 5,300kg 296km/h 352 km/h 62 ft min 38ft2 3 /4in 36 ft 5 in 612 ft 2 8,545 Ib 1,587+176 Ib 1 0,935 Ib ll,6841b 184 mph 219 mph Time to climb 3 km (9,842 ft) 5.6 min 5 km (16,400 ft) No other reliable data. 9.6 min T U P O L E V A N T - 4 6 , D I - 8 Tupolev ANT-46, DI-8 Purpose: An improved heavy fighter with large-calibre recoilless guns. Design Bureau: KOSOS-CAHI, chief constructor A N Tupolev, who assigned this aircraft to A A Arkhangel'skii. This aircraft was a derivative of the SB (ANT-40) fast bomber. The single prototype was ordered in November 1934, on condition that the SB (the first prototype of which had flown a month previously) had priority and would not }n any way be delayed. The DI-8 was created quickly and was flown by Yu A Alekseyev on 1 st August (also reported as 9th August) 1935. Factory testing was con- tinued to June 1936, but the 'liquidation' of Dimensions Span 20.33 m Length (excluding nose gun) 12.1 7 m Wing area Weights Empty Maximum loaded Performance Maximum speed at 4,250m (13,944 ft) 55.7m 2 3,487kg 5,553 kg 388 km/h 66 ft 8% in 39 ft 1 1 3 /1 in 600 ft 2 7,687 Ib 1 2,242 Ib 241 mph Time to climb 3 km (9,842 ft) 6.8 min Service ceiling Range 8,570 m 1,780km 28,120ft 1,1 00 miles Kurchevskii's gun bureau and the arrest for treason and spying of Tupolev halted the pro- gramme. Until recently little was known about the ANT-46, and only one photograph had been discovered. This did not show the nose clear- ly, and published accounts stated that the ANT-46 was based on the SB but had a metal- skinned nose containing machine guns. It is now known that it had a glazed nose identi- cal to that of the bomber. Instead of being a two-seat aircraft it also had a navigator/ bomb-aimer in the nose, and an internal bomb bay (for example, for eight FAB-100 bombs) with bomb doors. The interesting feature was that incorporated in each wing outboard of the fuel tanks, between the split flaps and the ailerons, were single DRP (APK- 11) recoilless guns, each fed by an automati- cally indexed supply of 45mm (IXin) ammunition, the rear blast tubes projecting behind the trailing edge. Like the first SB the fin and rudder had a squared-off top, and the engines were not as previously thought GR14s but, as on the first SB, nine-cylinder Wright Cyclones of 710hp, driving Hamilton two-blade propellers. Like the ANT-29, this aircraft carried CAHI titles and the ANT num- ber 46 on the tail. This aircraft fulfilled expectations, but was considered an outdated concept. ANT-46 197 ANT-46, DI-8 T U P O L E V Tu-2 E X P E R I M E N T A L V E R S I O N S Tupolev Tu-2 Experimental Versions Purpose: To use Tu-2 aircraft for various experimental purposes. Design Bureau: Originally, CCB-29 (or TsKB-29) and GAZ (Factory) No 156. Created during A N Tupolev's period in de- tention under a ludicrously false 'show trial' charge, the Tu-2 (previously 'Aircraft 103', but really the 58th 'ANT' design), was an out- standing multirole tactical bomber. Its ridicu- lous gestation, with its creator working on a drawing board in a locked cell, meant that it did not enter service until May 1942, but de- spite this some 3,300 were delivered from Factories 156, 166 and 125. As soon as spare examples became available they were snapped up for use as test-beds. The very first series aircraft, No 100716, was used to test the ASh-83 engine, rated at l,900hp, driving four-blade AV-5V propellers (replacing the standard 1,850hp ASh-82FN driving the three- blade AV-5V-167 or four-blade square-tip AV-9VF-21K). Maximum speed of this test- bed was 635km/h (395mph) at 7,100m (23,294ft). Numerous test versions appeared in 1944, including the first two of three Shturmovik (armoured ground attack) versions with spe- cial armament, all proposed by Tupolev's ar- mament brigade leader A D Nadashkevich. The first, actually given the designation Tu-2Sh, had its capacious weapon bay occu- pied by a specially designed aluminium box housing 88 modified PPSh-41 infantry ma- chine carbines (sub-machine guns). These fired standard 7.62mm pistol ammunition, and all fired together pointing obliquely down at a 30° angle. The obvious shortcoming was that, even though the drum magazines held 71 rounds, they were quickly emptied. The second 1944 Sh version had a massive 75mm gun under the fuselage, reloaded by the navigator. Two more ground-attack ver- sions appeared in 1946. The first had the dev- astating forward-facing armament of two 20mm ShVAK, two NS-37 and two NS-45. The 37mm gun was 267mm (101/2in) long and weighed 150kg (33lib). The 45mm version had a shorter barrel but still fired its 1.065kg (2.35 Ib) projectiles at 850m (2,790ft) per sec- ond, and weighed 152kg (335 Ib). The last of these variants was the two-seat RShR, or Tu-2RShR. This was a dedicated anti-armour aircraft, carrying a high-velocity 57mm RShR automatic cannon with the bar- rel projecting ahead of the metal-skinned nose and fitted with a prominent recoil brake. The most startling modification was the Tu-2 Paravan (paravane). Two of these were built, to test a crude way of surviving impact with barrage-balloon cables. A special cable woven from high-tensile steel was run from one wingtip to the other via the end of a monocoque cone projecting over 6m (20ft) ahead of the nose. The nose and wingtips were reinforced. First flown in September 1944, this lash-up still reached 537km/h (334mph) despite the strange installation and a 150kg (331 Ib) balancing weight in the tail. These trials were not considered to have been successful. Yet another 1944 modification was the Tu-2K (Katapult), fitted with test ejection- seats. The first Tu-2K fitted the test seat in the navigator's cockpit just behind the pilot. A second ejection-seat tester had the experi- mental seat mounted in an open cockpit at what had been the radio operator's station in the rear fuselage. In early 1945 the Type 104 radar-intercep- tion system began flight testing (the first to be airborne in the Soviet Union). The system had been designed from 1943, by a team led by A L Mints, and the Type 104 test aircraft had begun flight testing on 18th July 1944 but with the vital radar simulated by ballast. The pilot had a modified sight, which was later linked to the radar, and fired two VYa-23 cannon in- stalled under the forward fuselage. The rear fuselage was faired over and contained noth- ing but a balancing mass. The designation Tupolev Tu-2G was ap- plied to several Gruzovoi (cargo) conver- sions. It appears that all of these were experimental, carrying special loads either in the remarkably large bomb bay or slung ex- ternally, and in many cases the load was dropped by parachute. No fewer than 49 GAZ- 67b armoured reconnaissance cars were dropped, the Tu-2G in this case being limited to a height of 6km (19,685ft) and a speed of 378km/h (235mph). Above left: Tu-2LL testing RD-45 (copy of Rolls-Royce Nene). Above: Looking into the weapon bay of Tu-2Sh. Left: Tu-2 Paravan. 198 T U P O L E V Tu-2 A N D Tu-4 E X P E R I M E N T A L V E R S I O N S As explained in the stories of the Pe-2 and Pe-8 experimental versions, the German Fi 103 ('V. 1') flying bomb was the basis for a large Soviet programme of air-launched cruise missiles in the immediate post-war era. One of the later variants was the 16Kh Pri- boi (surf, breaking waves). The fact this was fitted with twin engines meant that it could be carried under the Tu-2. The first modified Tu-2 launch aircraft began testing at LII on 28th January 1948, and live missile launchings took place on the Akhtuba range between 22nd July and 25th December 1948, testing the D-312 and D-14-4 engines and various electric or pneumatic flight-control systems. The Tu-2 launch aircraft continued in the process of refining guidance and improving reliability until at least 4th November 1950, by which time the Tu-4 was being modified as carrier aircraft with one missile under each outer nacelle. The WS rejected the 16Kh on grounds of poor accuracy, and eventually the argument reached Stalin who shortly before his death terminated this missile. Experimental Tu-2 aircraft were also used to develop air-refuelling. Not least, in the immediate post-war era the Tu-2 was the most important aircraft con- verted to air-test turbojet engines. Occasion- ally the designation Tu-2LL (flying laboratory) was used, but one of the most important was (possibly unofficially) designated Tu-2N, because it was allocated to test the imported Rolls-Royce Nene. This required the test engine to be mounted in a nacelle of large diameter (basic engine diameter 1.26m, 4ft 11/2in). Later more than one Tu-2 was used to test Soviet RD-45 and VK-1 derivatives of the Nene, including variants with an afterburner. However, these were all preceded by aircraft, some of which had been Tupolev Type 61 prototypes, which were converted to test cap- tured German axial engines: the BMW 003A (Soviet designation RD-20) and the Junkers Jumo 004B (Soviet designation RD-10). An- other 61 prototype was used to test the first Soviet turbojet to fly, the Lyul'kaTR-1, in 1946. Tupolev Tu-4 Experimental Versions Purpose: To use Tu-4 aircraft for various experimental purposes. Design Bureau: OKB-156 of A N Tupolev. In The Great Patriotic War the Soviet Union had no modern strategic bomber. Stalin cast covetous eyes on the Boeing B-29, and told Tupolev and Myasishchev to design aircraft in the same class. However, in 1944 three intact B-29s fell into Soviet hands and it was decid- ed just to copy them. Tupolev was given two years to do this immense task. The first air- craft to appear was the Tu-70 transport, which actually used the wing, engines and pro- pellers of one of the B-29s. The production bomber was designated Tu-4, and had Soviet ASh-73TK engines of 2,400hp (more powerful than the B-29 engine) and a totally new defensive system with guns of 12.7mm (1st Series), 20mm (from the 8th Series) or 23mm calibre (from the 15th Series). Total produc- tion was close to 1,000. Several Tu-4 aircraft were used in air-refuelling experiments. The Tu-4T was a single unpressurized trans- port conversion which initially was used for trials with 28 paratroops. In 1954 a small number of 52-seat versions, again called Tu-4T, were built for the VTA (military transport aviation). Several Tu-4K conversions were used as carrier aircraft for trials with the Mikoyan KS-1 cruise missile, for use chiefly against ships. This 3 tonne (6,614 Ib) turbojet-engined weapon was a miniature swept-wing aero- plane with radar guidance (see page 101). The Tu-4K played a major role in the devel- opment of the entire Kompleks (electronic system) which after being cleared for pro- duction was installed in the Tu-16KS, which was the operational carrier of these missiles. Several Tu-4s were used for trials with other missiles, the earliest being with captured FilOS (so-called V-l) pulsejet cruise missiles captured in 1944-45. From March 1945 the Soviet X-10 (Kh-10) copy was on test, and numerous examples were launched from ground ramps and from Tu-2, Yer-2 and Pe-8 aircraft. In 1947 the Tu-4 became available, and several were used to test the 14Kh-l and twin-engined 16Kh, but all this work petered out by July 1955 and none of these missiles entered service. At least 12 Tu-4s were used as engine test- beds. Some of the early examples tested tur- boprops, of which the most startling were the three aircraft whose No 3 (starboard inner) engines were replaced by TV-12 turboprops. Take-off power of this single-shaft engine was initially ll,995hp, or almost six times that of the engine it replaced. The colossal thrust, which in the Tu-4 could not all be used, was transmitted by a pair of AV-60 co-axial pro- pellers each with four broad blades of 5.6m (18ft 41/2in) diameter. Later this unique pow- erplant was developed into the NK-12M of nearly 15,000hp for the Tu-95 and Tu-142. Other turboprops tested included the ex- Junkers TV-2, Klimov VK-2 (TV-4), Kuznetsov NK-2 and NK-4, and the Ivchenko AI-20, one AI-20 installation (for the Ilyushin 18) having the thrust line and jetpipe above the wing and the other (for the Antonov 10 and 12) having the thrust line and jetpipe below the wing. Jet engines tested under the fuselage of Tu-4LL aircraft included the Nene, AL-5, AL-7, 7F and 7P, AM-3 (RD-3), AM-5 and 5F, VD-5, VD-7, VK-2, VK-7 and VK-11. Tu-4 test-bed for NK-12 turboprop. 199 T U P O L E V T u - 1 6 E X P E R I M E N T A L V E R S I O N S Tupolev Tu-16 Experimental Versions Purpose: To use Tu-16 aircraft for various experimental purposes, and to take the basic design further. Design Bureau: OKB-156 of A N Tupolev, Moscow. This graceful twin-jet bomber sustained what was in financial terms the most important programme in the entire history of the Tupolev design bureau up to that time. Since then, because of inflation, the Tu-154 and Tu-22/Tu-22M have rivalled it, though they were produced in smaller numbers. The pro- totype Tu-16, the Type 88, was a marriage of upgraded B-29 technology in structures, sys- tems and to some degree in avionics, with to- tally new swept-wing aerodynamics and what were in the early 1950s super-power tur- bojet engines. The Tu-16 entered production in 1953 powered by Zubets (Mikulin KB) RD-3M engines of 8,200kg (18,078 Ib) thrust. The second series block had the RD-3M-200 of 8,700kg (19,180 Ib) followed by the 9,500kg (20,944 Ib) RD-3M-500, which was then retro- fitted to most earlier aircraft. From 1953 the basic aircraft was repeated- ly examined against alternatives based as far as possible on the same airframe but using different propulsion systems. Most of the studies had four engines. Tupolev had origi- nally schemed the 88 around two Lyul'ka AL-5 turbojets, but the design grew in weight to match the big AM-3 engine, and this was the key to its win over the smaller Ilyushin with the Lyul'ka engines. In parallel with the production aircraft one project team led by Dmitri S Markov studied versions of the 88 with not two but four AL-5 engines, and then four of the more powerful (typically 14,330 Ib, 6,500kg) AL-7 engines. These Type 90s would have been excellent bombers, with in- creased power and much better engine-out performance, but the decision was taken not to disrupt production. On the other hand, vir- tually the same inboard wing and engine in- stallation was then used in the Tu-110 transport, two of which were built using the Tu-104 as a basis. Some of the four-engined bomber studies had engines in external na- celles hung on underwing pylons. From 1954 Type 88 prototypes and a wide range of production Tu-16s were used over a period exceeding 40 years as experimental aircraft. Some carried out pioneer trials in aer- ial refuelling at jet speeds. One large group of about 20 aircraft was kept busy in the development of avionics, in- cluding navigation, bombing and cartograph- ic guidance, parent control of drones and targets, and the direction of self-defence gun- nery systems. Probably the most important single duty of Tu-16LL (flying laboratory) aircraft was to air- test new types of turbojet and turbofan engine. In each case the engine on test would be mounted in a nacelle either carried inside the weapon bay or, more often, recessed into it. Usually the test engine would be suspended on vertical hydraulic jacks or a large pivoted beam so that in flight it could be extended down fully into the airstream, with its efflux well clear of the rear fuselage. In many cases the engine pod or the Tu-16 fuselage ahead of it would be fitted with a fairing or door which could be left behind or opened as the pod was extended for test. Among the engines air-tested under Tu-16LL aircraft were: the Ivchenko (later Progress) AI-25, Lyul'ka AL-7F- Download 179.26 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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