Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги Фарғона давлат университети Чет тиллар факультети

Phonetic (spoken) syllables must not be confused with orthographic (written) syllables. An orthgraphic syllable is a group of letters in spelling . Syllables in writing are also called syllabographs.
When a word is split across two lines of writing, it should be broken at an orthographic syllable boundary. Parts of phonetic and orthographic syllables do not always coincide:
worker ['wз:kə] CVC-V = two phonetic syllables and one syllabograph
A most general rule claims that division of words into syllables in writing is passed on the morphological principle which demands that the part of a word which is separated should be either a prefix, or a suffix or a root (morphograph), e.g. pic- ture ['pik-tƒə].
Compound words can be divided according to their meaning: hot-dog; spot-light.It is not possible to divide a word within a phonetic syllable:
A suffix of TWO syllables such as -ABLE, -ABLY, -FULLY cannot be divided in writing, e.g. reli-able, lov-ably, beauti-fully. If there are two or three consonants before -NG, these consonants may be separated in writing: gras-ping, puz-zling.
With the exception of -LY, a word cannot be divided so that an ending of two letters such > -ED, -ER, -1С begins the next line, e.g. worked, teacher, hectic, BUT: cold-ly, bold-ly.
A word of ONE phonetic syllable, a word of less than FIVE letters cannot be divided into syllabographgs, e.g. piece [pi:s], time [taim].
Now we shall consider three very important functions of the syllable.
The first function is known to be the constitutive function of the syllable. It lies in its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself. The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude, that is words, morphemes and utterances.
In this respect two things should be emphasized. First, the syllable is the unit
within which the relations between the distinctive features of the phonemes and their acoustic correlates are revealed [15.21]. Second, within a syllable (or a sequence of syllables) prosodic characteristics of speech are realized, which form the stress-pattern of a word and the rhythmic and intonation structures of an utterance. In sum, the syllable is a specific minimal structure of both segmental and suprasegmental features.
The other function of the syllable is its distinctive function. In this respect the syllable is characterized by its ability to differentiate words and word-forms. To illustrate this a set of minimal pairs should be found so that qualitative and/or quantitative peculiarities of certain allophones should indicate the beginning or the end of the syllable.
So far only one minimal pair has been found in English to illustrate the word distinctive function in the syllable, that is ['nai-treit] nitrate – ['nait-reit] night-rate.
The distinction here lies in:
1. the degree of aspiration of [t] sounds which is greater in the first member of the opposition than in the second;
2. allophonic difference of [r]: in the first member of the opposition it is slightly devoiced under the influence of the initial [t];
3. the length of the diphthong [ai]: in the second member of the opposition it is shorter because the syllable is closed by a voiceless plosive [t].
The third function of the syllable is the identificatory function the listener can understand the exact meaning of the utterance only when the correct syllabic boundary is perceived:
an aim — a name
mice kill — my skill
an ice house — a nice house
peace talks — pea stalks
plate rack — play track
Sometimes the difference in syllabic division might be the basic ground for differentiation sentences in such minimal pairs as:
I saw her eyes. — I saw her rise.
I saw the meat. — I saw them eat.__
The distinctive function of differences of syllable division in English is more evident and easier to prove, al­though the area and number of its manifestations are rather limited. So far there is only one minimal pair of words which is usually quoted to illustrate the шог^-distinctive func­tion of the difference in the position of the syllabic bounda­ry, viz. /'naitreit/ (nitrate) /'naitreit/ (night-rate).
The differentiation is effected in this case through the op­position "strong-end consonant" (the /t/ in nitrate) vs. "weak-end consonant" (the /t/ in night-rate) resulting in a different position of the point of syllable division.
In other words, the differentiation is achieved by begin­ning a fresh articulatory effort (an arc of articulatory effort) at different points. The number of combinations of words dis­tinguished from each other by this means is, however, rather great. Here are some of the oft-quoted minimal pairs which have thus become "classical" examples:
/a 'neim/ (a name) /a 'nais 'haus/ (a nice house)
/an 'eim/ (an aim) /an 'ais 'haus/ (an ice house)
/a 'blæk 'tai/ (a black tie) /a 'blakt 'ai/ (a blacked eye)
A word may be distinguished from a sentence by the same means, e.g.
/'ais-'kri:m/ (ice-cream) /'ai 'skri:m/ (I scream.) However, such minimal pairs are very rare in English.
Finally, the following minimal pair of sentences is usual­ly given to illustrate the sentence-distinctive function of this phonetic phenomenon in English. The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The onset is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the coda (literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. The term rime covers the nucleus plus coda. In the one-syllable English word cat, the nucleus is a (the sound that can be shouted or sung on its own), the onset c, the coda t, and the rime at. This syllable can be abstracted as a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. Languages vary greatly in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a syllable, according to what is termed a language's phonotactics.
Most syllables have an onset. Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. For example, in English, onsets such as pr-, pl- and tr- are possible but tl- is not, and sk- is possible but ks- is not.
Some languages require all syllables to have an onset; in these languages a null onset such as in the English word "at" is not possible. This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic glottal stop (the sound in the middle of English "uh-oh")[internet 41]. Furthermore, in English and most other languages, a word that begins with a vowel is automatically pronounced with an initial glottal stop when following a pause, whether or not a glottal stop occurs as a phoneme in the language. Consequently, few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. This means that the difference between a syllable with a null onset and one beginning with a glottal stop is often purely a difference of phonological analysis, rather than the actual pronunciation of the syllable. In some cases, the pronunciation of a (putatively) vowel-initial word when following another word – particularly, whether or not a glottal stop is inserted – indicates whether the word should be considered to have a null onset. For example, many Romance languages such as Spanish never insert such a glottal stop, while English does so only some of the time, depending on factors such as conversation speed; in both cases, this suggests that the words in question are truly vowel-initial
Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes called the peak), and the minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel, in the form of a monophthong, diphthong, or triphthong, but sometimes is a syllabic consonant. By far the most common syllabic consonants are sonorants like [l], [r], [m], [n] or [ŋ].