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Key words: consonant, consonant system, classification of consonants, articulation of
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Key words: consonant, consonant system, classification of consonants, articulation of
consonants, voiced, voiceless, articulatory, sonorant, 30 Fore lingual consonant are of three kinds: apical, dorsal and cacuminal. Apical consonant are articulated by the tip of the tongue, which is brought into contact with the teeth or the teeth ridge. Dorsal consonants are articulated by lower tip of the tongue (so that it comes into contact with the front lower teeth) while the closure or narrowing of the air passage occurs between the blade of the tongue and the upper teeth. In the articulation of cacuminal, consonants, the tip of the tongue is curled back and is usually brought into contact with the teeth ridge and the fore part of the hard palate. The phonological analysis of English consonant sounds helps to distinguish 24 phonemes: [p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ∫, ж(не нашла ничего лучше), h, t∫, dж, m, n, ŋ, w, r, 1, j]. Principles of classification suggested by Russian phoneticians provide the basis for establishing of the following distinctive oppositions in the system of English consonants: 1. Degree of noise bake - make, veal - wheel 2. Place of articulation a. labial vs. lingual pain — cane b. lingual vs. glottal foam — home, care — hair, Tim - him 3. Manner of articulation 3.1 occlusive vs. constrictive pine -fine, bat - that, bee - thee 3.2 constrictive vs. affricates fare — chair, fail -jail 3.3 constrictive unicentral vs. constrictive bicentral same – shame 4. Work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation 4.1 voiceless fortis vs. voiced lenis pen — Ben, ten - den, coat - goal 5. Position of the soft palate 5.1 oral vs. nasal pit — pin, seek — seen There are some problems of phonological character in the English consonantal system; it is the problem of affricates - their phonological status and their number. The question is: what kind of facts a phonological theory has to explain. 1) Are the English [t ∫, dж] sounds monophonemic entities or biphonemic combinations (sequences, clusters)? 2) If they are monophonemic, how many phonemes of the same kind exist in English, or, in other words, can such clusters as [tr, dr] and [tθ, dð] be considered affricates? To define it is not an easy matter. One thing is clear: these sounds are complexes because articulatory we can distinguish two elements. Considering phonemic duality of affricates, it is 31 necessary to analyze the relation of affricates to other consonant phonemes to be able to define their status in the system. The problem of affricates is a point of considerable controversy among phoneticians. According to Russian specialists in English phonetics, there are two affricates in English: [t ∫, d ж]. D. Jones points out there are six of them: [t∫, dж], [ts, dz], and [tr, dr]. A.C. Gimson increases their number adding two more affricates: [tθ, tð]. Russian phoneticians look at English affricates through the eyes of a phoneme theory, according to which a phoneme has three aspects: articulatory, acoustic and functional, the latter being the most significant one. As to British phoneticians, their primary concern is the articulatory-acoustic unity of these complexes. Before looking at these complexes from a functional point of view it is necessary to define their articulatory indivisibility. According to N.S. Trubetzkoy's point of view a sound complex may be considered monophonemic if: a) its elements belong to the same syllable; b) it is produced by one articulatory effort; c) its duration should not exceed normal duration of elements. Let us apply these criteria to the sound complexes. 1. Syllabic indivisibility Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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