1. linguistic typology

1. LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY
Typology as a method of scientific study is characteristic to many fields of sci­entific knowledge because the taxonomic description, classification and systemic comparison of various objects are universal methods of cognition and apply to both non-linguistic and linguistic sciences. Taxonomy is a science studying theory of clas­sification and systemizing.
2. BASIC TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC COMPARISON
There are 2 types of scientific comparison: a) substantial, and b) non-substantial.

1. 
   Substantial comparison deals with comparison of real objects materializing substances, e.g. sounds, digits, numbers, etc.
   
2. 
   Non-substantial comparison deals with comparison of systems and their ele­ments (e.g. phonemes, morphemes).
   

At the early stages of development of typology as a science the major role be­longed to substantial comparison which is considered primary. Yuri Rojdenstvenskiy' wrote that "...in General linguistics the relations between language systems base on substantial features. The languages were considered cognate because the linguists found principal similarity in their substance: sound and content".
Non-substantial comparison played a significant role in shaping typology as an independent science.
3. BRANCHES OF GENERAL TYPOLOGY
As a method of scientific cognition General typology binds Non-linguistic and Lin­guistic typologies. Both of them have general strategies, objectives and principles of identifying isomorphic and allomorphic features of substances, phenomena, facts, etc.
4. NON-LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY
As a method typology is used in law, math, history, botany, economy, psychol­ogy, etc. General and solitary differences and similarities are typical to all sciences. Some branches isolate systemic comparison into an independent sub-branch within the frames of a more general science: e.g. comparative psychology first mentioned in the works of Aristotle who described psychological similarities between animals and human beings. One the most well-known representatives of Comparative Psycho­logy was Charles Darwin.
Comparative Pedagogy deals with general and distinctive features, development trends and prospective of theory, applied instruction and upbringing methods, re­veals their economic, social political and philosophic backgrounds.
Historical typology analyses historic facts and produces comparative inventory based on the history of each nation/ethnicity to reveal general trends, differences and similarities. E.g. based on French revolution of 1848 the major signs of revolution­ary situation were revealed.
Literary criticism (сравнителъное литературоведение) got rapid development in the second half of XIX century simultaneously with development of comparative linguistics. In Russia the representatives of comparative linguistics were P.M. Samarin, V.M. Jirmunskiy, M.P. Alekseev, N.I. Conrad, I.G. Neupokoeva, etc.
The two sciences — Linguistic typology and Literary criticism have a number of similarities: a) linguistic comparison deals with identifying universal principles of comparative description of the systems of national languages while Literary criti­cism establishes general principles of typological description of national literatures; b) both sciences deal with identifying systemic signs (системние празники) and discover typological isomorphism which can be conditioned structurally, genetically and geographically, etc.