Open the brackets and use the verbs in Present, past or future perfect tenses

EXERCISE 1 Open the brackets and use the verbs in Present, past or future perfect tenses
1. He (to write) the letter by 5 o'clock.

2. He (to get) a big family.

3. I already (to do) my work.

4. I (to translate) this article by 3 o'clock.

6. I (to bring) this book by 3 o'clock yesterday

5. They never (to be) to England.

6. I just (to send) the letter.

7. Hе (to study) all the materials by the 1st of October.

8. We (to finish) our work by the end of the year.

9. She never (to read) this book.

7. The rain (to begin) before we arrived home I already (to meet) my sister.

8. The students (to pass) their exams by the end of June.

10. My brother went to Samarkand after he (to pass) his examinations.

11. My friend (to obtain) pure hydrogen.

12. She (to paint) the picture by tomorrow.

13. My friend (to obtain) pure hydrogen when I came up to him.

14. you (to take) all your exams by the end of January?

15. He (to go) to the institute by 8 o'clock.

16. They (to obtain) pure hydrogen by 5 o'clock.

17. We (to pass) our examination.

EXERCISE 2 Identify the function of Gerund

Card A	Card B
1. I am fond of going to the cinema.	1. Speaking a foreign language is not easy.
2. Begin making your report.	2. Thank you for coming.
3. Reading such books is difficult.	3. I like working here.
4. He is afraid of being late for the lecture.	4. This soil is good for growing vegetables.
5. His taking part in this work is useful.	5. Reading is useful.
6. She thinks of going to see his parents.	6. I don't like talking to him.
7. Reading books helps us to learn English.	7. Translating the article took us an hour.

EXERCISE 3 Identifying Simple and Compound Sentences
1. Long-distance travel was difficult for early Americans.

2. In those days, people traveled in stagecoaches and covered wagons.

3. Long-distance travel was possible, but it was not very fast or comfortable.

4. Eventually railroads were built; tracks were laid across the country.

5. Distant cities were connected, and people could travel between them.

6. The growth of railroads changed the lives of many Americans.

7. Americans found trains a pleasant alternative to stagecoaches and wagons.

8. Railroads were popular for long journeys, and they made short trips easier,too.

9. Workers moved out of crowded cities, and commuters used trains.

10. Family members moved across the country, but trains reunited them.

UZBEKISTAN

The sovereign Republic of Uzbekistan was founded on August 31, 1991.

The country is situated in Central Asia between the two great rivers - the AmuDarya and the Syr-Darya. Its territory occupies 447.000 square kilometers and its population is about 26 million.

Uzbekistan consists of 12 regions and the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The slate language is Uzbek, and Karakalpak in Karakalpakstan. Being a sovereign republic, Uzbekistan has its own Constitution, state flag and emblem. The Constitution of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992.

Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan is a sunny republic. It is located far from oceans and other water sources, and that's why the climate of Uzbekistan is arid and extremely continental. It results in small quantity of atmospheric precipitation and low air humidity in summer time, absence of clouds and presence of many bright sunny days. Uzbekistan is rich in mineral resources such as coal, oil, ore, copper, gold, gas and other minerals.

Uzbekistan is the 7-th largest gold producer and the 4-th biggest cotton producer according to world ranking.

The important changes are taking place in the republic. The development of international ties, integration and practical relations has also been increased at a new level. Cooperation is being developed between the Republic and almost all of th e states of the world. The contacts and joint activity with the biggest world wide firms in the spheres of transport and telecommunications, raw mining, light and heavy industry attract wide-spread attention. 4.500 joint-stock enterprises are now working in the country.

The modern automobile giant was constructed in partnership with the Korean „DAEWOO" company in Asaka town of Andijan region. It produces a number of very popular models.

From March 1992 the Republic of Uzbekistan became a member of the UnitedNations.

Now the Republic of Uzbekistan is making good progress along this new and difficult road.


PLANT, ITS PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with clothing and many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes and as scientists continue their work new uses of plants will be found.

The principal parts of a plant are: 1) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers, fruits and seeds.

The roots grow downward into the soil and have two main functions- to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil and to anchor the plant. As to stems and leaves, they are usually above the ground. The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves from the raw materials taken from the soil and air. This process is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem.

Each flowering plant has leaves. A typical leaf consists of a green, broad, thin portion, the blade, which contains a system of vascular tubes called veins. The latter serve as channels for the distribution of water and dissolved substances and for removing a part of the food which is manufactured in the leaves for the use by the plant.

The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species. Leaves may be borne on a leaf stem, or attached directly to the plant. They may be compound as with clovers and potatoes, or simple as in the case of the poplar tree.

A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. Thus, to produce seeds the plant must have flowers.

A seed consists of an embryo, and one or more seed coats.

All parts of a plant must be developed well and proportionally enough to function properly. If conditions for plant growth are bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.

A LEAF

A leaf is an expanded organ of a plant, produced laterally from a stem or branch, or growing from its root. It is usually green and consists of a blade, footstalk and stipules. The flat, green part is called the blade or lamina. The blade may be simple and compound, when it is divided into many segments often resembling separate leaves. The blade of a leaf is attached to a stem by a petiole or a leafstalk, which is an important organ of the leaf. Two appendages called stipules, often grow on either sides of the petiole at the spot where it is attached to the stem of the plant. Stipules are often green and leaflike. Leaves occupy various position on the stem and branches, and have received different names according to their situation. In their arrangement leaves follow a definite order. The places on the stem at which leaves appear are called nodes, the part of the stem between two nodes is the internode. When two leaves are produced at the same node, one on each side of the stem or axis, and at the same level, they are opposite; when more than two are produced they are verticillate, and the circle of leaves is then called verticil or whorl. When leaves are arranged one after another they are called alternate following thus a low of alternation. When leaves are opposite, each successive pair may be placed at right angles to the pair immediately preceding they are deccusate. Leaves may be of different shapes such as ovate, elliptical, lanceolate, linear, cordate, kindney-shaped, wedgeshaped, orbicular and obovate.