Organika Benzol halqasidagi orientasiya: 1-tur o`rinbosar
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Organika Benzol halqasidagi orientasiya: 1-tur o`rinbosar(orta,para):-OH,-NH2,-Gal,-O-R,-SH,-SR,-NH-R,-NR2,-NHCOR 2-tur o`rinbosar(meta):-NO 2 ,-SO 3 H,-CN,-CHO,-COOH,-COOR,-COR,-CF 3 ,-F,-CH=CH 2 ,-C≡CH
CH 3 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -birlamchi butil CH 3
3 )-CH
2 -birlamchi izobutil CH 3
2 -CH(CH
3 )-ikkilamchi butil CH 3
3 ) 2 - uchlamchi butil 0 ta π bog` sp 3 1,54 0 A (0,154nm) 109,28 0 tetraedr 1ta π bog` sp 2 1,33 0 A (0,133 nm) 120 0 yassi uch 2 ta π bog` sp 1,20 0 A (0,120 nm) 180 0 chiziqli
fenol pirokatexin rezorsin gidroxinon pirogallol o-krezol o-ksilol benzil spirt anilin (планета)
nitrobenzol nitrobenzil trotil pikrin kis kumol stirol gerbisit benzoy ortoftal
izoftal tereftal α-glyukoza β-glyukoza riboza (α) dezoksiriboza (α)
pirrol piridin Timin Urasil Sitozin Adenin Guanin Pirimidin unumlari Purin unumlari Karbon kislotalar: C 3 H 7 -COOH moy kis C 4 H 9 -COOH valerian kis C 5
11 -COOH kapron kis C 6
13 -COOH enant kis C 15
31 -COOH palmitin kis C 16
33 -COOH margarin kis C 17
35 -COOH sterin kis C 17
33 -COOH olein kis C 17
31 -COOH linol kis C 17
29 -COOH linolein kis CH 2
CH 2 =C(CH 3 )-COOH metakril kis CH 3
CH 2 =CH-CH 2 -COOH vinilsirka kis COOH-COOH oksalat kis COOH-CH
2 -COOH malon kis COOH-(CH 2 ) 2 -COOH qahrabo kis COOH-(CH 2 ) 3 -COOH glutar kis COOH-(CH 2 ) 4 -COOH adipin kis HOOC COOH C=C fumar kis H H (sis) HOOC H C=C malein kis H COOH (trans) 1.Konovalov peak-si : CH 4 +HNO 3 →CH
3 -NO
2 +H 2 O 2.Zinin reak-si: C 6 H 5 -NO
2 +3(NH
4 ) 2 S→C6H 5 -NH 2 +6S+6NH
3 +2H
2 O
1 -Cl+R
2 -Cl+ Na→R 1 -R
+R 1 -R 2 + R
2 -R 2 +NaCl 4.Lebedov reak-si: 2CH 3 -CH 2 -OH→CH
2 =CH-CH=CH 2 +2H
2 O+H
2
2 O→CH
3 -CHO 2.CH 3 -C≡CH+H
2 O→CH
3 -CO-CH
3
3 -CHO+Ag
2 O→CH
3 -COOH+2Ag 7.Fenolni kumol usulida olish: C 6 H 5 -C 3 H 7 +O 2 →C 6 H 5 -OH+CH 3 -CO-CH
3
3 -CH=CH
2 +HCl→CH
3 -CHCl-CH
3
3 -CH(OH)-CH 2 -CH
3 → (H 2 SO 4 ) →CH
3 -CH=CH-CH 3 +H
O 10.Markovnikov qoidasiga teskari qoida: Cl-CH 2 -CH=CH 2 +HCl→Cl-CH 2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -Cl
Metan parchalanishi: (300-600 C 0 , Pt) →C 2 H 4 +2H 2 eten 2CH 4 (1500 C 0 , Pt) → C
2 H 2 +3H 2 asetilen (1000 C 0 ) →2C+4H
2 uglerod Galogenli hosilalarga KOH ta`siri: CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(Cl)-CH 3 + KOH
(suv) → CH
3 -CH
2 -CH(OH)-CH 3 +KCl spirt CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(Cl)-CH 3 + KOH
(spirt) → CH
3 -CH
2 -CH=CH
2 +KCl+H
2 O alken CH 3
2 -CH
2 -CHCl 2 + 2KOH
(suv) → CH
3 -CH
2 -CH2-CHO+2KCl+H 2 O aldegid CH 3 -CH 2 -CH
2 -CHCl 2 + 2KOH
(spirt) → CH
3 -CH
2 -C≡CH+2KCl+2H 2 O alkin CH 3 -CH 2 -CCl 2 -CH
3 + 2KOH
(suv) → CH
3 -CH
2 -CO-CH
3 +2KCl+H
2 O keton CH 3
2 -CCl 2 -CH
3 + 2KOH
(spirt) → CH
3 -C≡C-CH
3 +2KCl+2H
2 O alkin CH 2
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 Cl + 2KOH (suv)
→ CH 2 (OH)-CH 2 -CH
2 -CH
2 (OH)+2KCl diol CH 2
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 Cl + 2KOH (spirt)
→ CH 2 =CH-CH=CH 2 +2KCl+2H
2 O alkadiyen Spirtlarning degidratlanishi: Alken C 2 H 4 ← (H2SO4,t>140 C) C 2 H 5 OH
(H2SO4,t<140 C) →C 2 H 5 -O-C 2 H 5 oddiy efir Eterefikasiya reasiyasi R-C 16 O 16 OH + H
18 O-R→R-C
16 O 18 O-R+H 2 16 O Murakkab efir Glyukozaning bijgìshlari: A) spirtli bijgìsh: C 6 H
O 6 →2C 2 H 5 OH+2CO 2
B) moy kislotali bijgìsh: C 6 H 12 O 6 →CH 3 -CH 2 -CH
2 -COOH+2CO 2 +2H
2
V) sut kislotali bijgish: C 6 H 12 O 6 →2CH 3 -CH(OH)-COOH G) limon kislotali bijgìsh: C 6 H 12 O 6 +3[O]→COOH-CH 2 -C(OH)(COOH)-CH 2 -COOH+2H
2 O 1. NH 2 -CH
2 -COOH 2. CH 3
2 )-COOH
3. HO-CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH
4. SH-CH(NH 2 )-COOH 5. [S-CH(NH 2 )-COOH] 2 6. CH
3 -CH(OH)-CH(NH 2 )-COOH
7. CH 3 -S-CH 2 -CH
2 -CH(NH
2 )-COOH
8. CH 3 -CH(CH 3 )- CH(NH
2 )-COOH
9. CH 3 - CH(CH 3 )- CH
2 -CH(NH
2 )-COOH
10. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(CH
3 )-CH(NH2)-COOH 11. COOH-CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH
12. NH2-CO-CH 2 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH
13. COOH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(NH
2 )-COOH
14. NH 2 -CO-CH 2 -CH
2 -CH(NH
2 )-COOH
15. NH 2 -CH 2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH(NH
2 )-COOH
16. NH=C(NH 2 )-NH-(CH 2 ) 3 -CH(NH 2 )-COOH 17. C 6 H 5 -CH
2 - CH(NH
2 )-COOH
18. HO-C H -CH - CH(NH )-COOH Glisin Aminokislotalar Alanin Serin
Sistein Sistin
Treonin Metionin Valin Leysin
Izoleysin Asparagin kis Asparagin Glutamin kis Glutamin Lizin
Arginin Fenilalanin Tirozin
Riboza Fosfat kislota ( H 3 PO 4 ) DNK: Timin, Sitozin, Adenin, Guanin. Dezoksiriboza Fosfat kislota ( H 3 PO 4 )
1. H-COO-C 6 H 5 Fenilformiat (xrizantema) 2. H-COO-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 Benzilformiat (jasmin) 3. CH
3 -COO-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH(CH
3 )-CH
3 Izopentilasetat (nok) 4. CH 3
2 -CH
2 -COO-C
4 H 9 Butilbutat (ananas) 5. H-COO-C 2 H
Etilformiat (rom) 6. H-COO-C 5 H
Pentilformiat (gilos) 7. H-COO-CH 2 -CH
2 -CH(CH
3 )-CH
3 Izoamilformiat (olxo`ri) 8. CH 3
2 -CH
2 -COO-C
2 H 5 Etilbutat (o`rik) 9. CH
3 -CH
2 -CH
2 -COO-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH(CH
3 )-CH
3 Izoamilbutat (ananas) 10. CH
-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-COO-C
2 H 5 Etilizovalerianat (olma) 11.
C 6 H 5 -O-C
6 H 5 Difenilefir (yorongul,geran) YU.M.B. [-CH
2 -CH(C
6 H 5 )-] Polistirol [-CH
2 -CHCl-] polivinilxlorid [-C 6
3 (OH)-CH
2 -] Fenolfarmaldegid [-CH 2
3 )(COOCH
3 )-] polimetilmetakrilat(shisha) [-CH 2
3 )-] polimetilakrilat [-CH 2
3 )-] tabiiy kauchuk(sis) [-CH 2
2 -] butadiyen kauchuk(trans) [-CH 2
2 -] divinil kauchuk(sis) [-CH 2
2 -] xlorpren kauchuk(sis) [-NH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH2-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CO-] kapron tola [-NH-(CH 2 ) 5 -NH-CO-(CH 2)4 -CO] naylon(anid) Neftni haydash: 1.Dastlab neftdan gazlar chiqariladi 2.Neft fraksiyalarga ajratiladi a) Benzinning gazolin fraksiyasi: C 5-11
, 40-200 0 C b) Ligroin fraksiyasi:C 8-14
,150-250 0 C v) Kerosin fraksiyasi:C 12-18
,180-300 0 C v) Oxirgi fraksiya:C 18 , 275 0
0
C EM-kamayadi O 2- ,F - ,Na + ,Mg 2+ ,Al 3+ S 2- Se 2- R- ortadi Te 2- I- kamayadi
1. m=n* M = n*Mr g/mol 2. N=n*N A
= n * 6.02 * 10 23
ta
3. V=n*V n = n*22.4 litr
4. PV=nRT 5. D=Mr 1 / Mr 2 6. C
% =(m
er / m
um )*100%
C % =( C m *M) / (ρ*10) ω=m er
/ m um
7. C m =n / v (mol/l yoki M)
C m =(C% *ρ*10) / M 8. C n
ekv / v
(normal/l yoki N)
9. C molyal =n / m
um (mol/kg yoki ML)
10.T= m er /v
(g/ml yoki titr) 11. ρ=m
um / v
(gr/ml yoki kg/m 3 ) 12.v=(C
m2 -C m1 ) / (t 1 -t 2 ) v=n/(v*t) v t2 =v t1* γ (t2-t1) /10 v
to`gri =k 1 [A] a
* [B]
b
v teskari = k
2 [C]
c
* [D] d
Km=k 1 /k 2 =[SO
3 ] 2 / [SO 2 ] 2 *[O
2 ]
13.α=(n/N) *100% K
dis =[K
+ ] * [A - ] / [KA] K dis
=α 2 *C m 14.pH=-log[H + ] pH<7 (H + ) pOH=-log[OH - ] pH>7 (OH - ) pH+pOH=14 pH=7 (H 2 O) 15. m=(E*I*t) / F m=E*farad
farad=I*t / F farad=n*Ekv (soni)
N A =6.02*10 23 t 0
0 =273K
0 V N =22.4 litr R=8.314
P N =101.325kPa F=96500 (sek)
=26.8 (saot)
Xaytboyev Jurabek Azatboyevich www.medped.ucoz.ru. doc_xz@mail.ru + 99893-588-45-62 12.08.2012 yil. Ming chaqirimli yo`l ham , birinchi qadamdan boshlanadi! Qasd qilgan - o`zar, Hasad qilgan - to`zar! Aytsang unutaman, ko`rsatsang eslab qolaman, o`zim bajarib esa anglab yetaman!
2 O) . Kation Anion Li + ,Na + ,K + ,Cs
+ ,Fr
+ ,Mg
+2 , Ca 2+ ,Sr
2+ ,Ba
2+ ,Ra
2+ ,Al
3+
Mn 2+, Zn 2+, Cr 3+,
Ga 3+ ,Fe 3+ ,Cd
3+ , Tl 3+ ,Co
2+ , Ni
2+ ,Sn
2+ ,Pb
2+ ,Bi
3+
Cu 2+ ,Hg
2+ ,Ag
1+ ,Os
4+
Pd 2+ ,Pt
2+ ,Au
2+ , Cl - , Br - , J - , S 2- ,
2
2 ,Br 2 3.eritma-Asos 1 1.Katod-Me+H 2
2 ,Br
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