22.152- guruh Qurbonova Ozoda Referencing and avoiding plagiarism - Accurate referencing is important in all academic work. As a student you will need to understand the general principles to apply when citing sources and take steps to avoid plagiarism. Many universities use Cite Them Right by Richard Pears and Graham Shields as their referencing standard. This easy-to-use book will enable you to reference just about anything from a tweet to an online journal, a television show, or even a tattoo. Cite Them Right is also available as an online resource, Cite Them Right Online which your university may subscribe to. Ask in the library to find out if you have access!
What is referencing? - Referencing is the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your arguments and the evidence on which they are based.
Citations - You identify sources by citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the same thing as a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also includes all material (for example, background readings) used in the preparation of your work.
Referencing successfully - To reference successfully, it is essential that, as a matter of course, you systematically note down full details of author, date, title and publication details of any material you use at the time you use it. For web pages, e-journals and ebooks, write down the access url and the date that you accessed the source. Besides being good academic practice, this ensures that you do not have the problem of trying to find sources you may have used weeks or months previously.
What's the benefit of accurate referencing? - By referring to the works of established authorities and experts in your subject area, you can add weight to your comments and arguments. This helps to demonstrate that you have read widely, and considered and analysed the writings of others. Remember, good referencing can help you attain a better grade or mark (often between five and ten percent of the total). Most importantly, good referencing is essential to avoid any possible accusation of plagiarism.
What is plagiarism? - Plagiarism is a term that describes the unacknowledged use of someone else's work. This includes material or ideas from any (published or unpublished) sources, whether print, web-based (even if freely available) or audiovisual. Using the words or ideas of others without referencing your source would be construed as plagiarism and is a very serious academic offence. At the end of the day, it is regarded as stealing intellectual property. The following are considered forms of plagiarism:
- Passing off as your own a piece of work that is partly or wholly the work of another student.
- Citing and referencing sources that you have not used.
- Quoting, summarising or paraphrasing material in your assignment without citing the original source.
- 'Recycling' a piece of your own work that you have previously submitted for another module or course (i.e. self-plagiarism).
How can you avoid plagiarism? - In many cases, students who find themselves accused of plagiarising often have done so unintentionally. Poor organisation and time management, as well as a failure to understand good academic practice, are often to blame. You might therefore find it helpful to:
- Manage your time and plan your work – ensure that you have enough time to prepare, read and write.
- When paraphrasing an author's text, ensure that you use your own words and a sentence structure sufficiently different from the original text.
- In your notes, highlight in colour/bold any direct quotations you want to use in your assignment - this will help to ensure you use quotation marks with an appropriate reference when you are writing up your work.
- Allow enough time to check your final draft for possible referencing errors or omissions: for example, check that all your in-text citations have a corresponding entry in your reference list, and vice versa.
- Save all your notes and files until you receive your final mark or grade.
What is common knowledge? - In all academic or professional fields, experts regard some ideas as common knowledge. This is generally defined as facts, dates, events and information that are expected to be known by someone studying or working in a particular field. The facts can be found in numerous places and are likely to be known by many people: for example, that Margaret Thatcher was a British prime minister. Such information does not generally have to be referenced.
- However, as a student you may only have just started to study a particular subject, so the material you are reading may not yet be common knowledge to you. In order to decide if the material you want to use in your assignment constitutes common knowledge, you need to ask yourself the following questions:
- Did I know this information before I started my course?
- Did this information/idea come from my own brain?
- If the answer to either or both of the questions is 'no', then the information is not common knowledge to you.
- In these cases you need to cite and reference your source(s).
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