University: TSUULL Ma 1-year student Faculty: Comparative Linguistics (English) Course: Modern linguistics Teacher: Shaxnoza Sultanova Student : Sherbekova Madina Presentation theme: The Main trends of cognitive linguistics Cognitive Linguistics has been developing in many directions. The main trends are:
Cognitive Semantics
Cognitive Grammar
Cognitive Stylistics
Cognitive Semantics - Cognitive Semantics is primarily concerned with the conceptual nature of linguistic meanings, their relationships to conceptual structures, that reflect human knowledge and experience
- Cognitive Semantics deals with the conceptual theory of meaning which presupposes the multilevel interpretation of both linguistic and non-linguistic (encyclopedic) knowledge
- It means that meanings correlate with certain cognitive contexts, knowledge structures, which represent these meanings and secure their understanding. In other words, meaning is a manifestation of conceptual structures, and Cognitive Semantics focuses on how language encodes and reflects conceptual structures
Cognitive Semantics - Cognitive Semantics aims to interpret linguistic meaning on the basis of knowledge structures and evaluations represented by linguistic units. This idea can be illustrated by interpreting the conceptual structure of the word “book”. The dictionary meaning of this word is “a number of printed sheets of paper, fastened together in a cover” (CCELD). This meaning serves as “a point of access” to a vast conceptual domain, which includes knowledge in various fields: a) science – books in history, politics, economy, etc.; b) literature – novels, poems, collections of stories, etc.; c) personal experience – a favorite book, a book as a present; d) typography – edition, copyright, patent, design, etc
Cognitive Grammar - Cognitive Grammar is the theoretical framework which deals with grammatical categories, units, and constructions in their relationships to the processes of the world perception and cognition. It means that Cognitive Grammar places a great emphasis on the cognitive mechanisms that underlie grammar. In other words, Cognitive Grammar deals with the overall organization of grammar that focuses on meaning
- So, the key assumption of Cognitive Grammar lies in the fact that grammar is viewed as a meaningful system, that grammatical units are inherently meaningful, that there are close links between grammar and lexicon, and that gives rise to the idea of a lexicon-grammar continuum. It means that grammar does not constitute an autonomous level, and that sound, meaning and grammar are inextricably linked.
Having discussed the key principles of Cognitive Grammar, we have to outline the main areas of investigation in Cognitive Grammar: - the peculiar features of grammatical meaning;
- word classes in terms of categorization;
- the conceptual grounding of grammatical categories and functions;
- the cognitive account of grammatical constructions;
- active and passive constructions in terms of figure-ground theory;
- cognitive case study (tense, mood, aspect);
- cognitive interpretation of deictic expressions, determiners, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, etc.
- Cognitive stylistics is a relatively new and rapidly developing field of language study at the interface between linguistics, literary studies and cognitive science. E. Semino defined it as the way in which linguistic analysis is systematically based on theories that relate linguistic choices to cognitive structures and processes
- According to P. Simpson cognitive stylistics makes the main emphasis on mental representation rather than on textual representation and is aimed to shift the focus away from models of text and composition towards models that make explicit the links between the human mind and the process of reading
Cognitive stylistics embraces a wide range of questions, including: - the problems of cognitive style;
- the problem of conceptualization and categorization of textual information;
- cognitive principles of presenting information in the text;
- cognitive grounding of stylistic devices;
- the theory of cognitive metaphor in different text types;
- implicative aspects of textual communication;
- “figure and ground” theory;
- theory of conceptual blending
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