Theme: the verb. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF the verb. Grammatical categories

THEME: THE VERB. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VERB. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES.
The course of lecture
The verb is one of the notional parts of speech, which is open to various disputes arguments and problems. The verb is of complex nature, because of its grammatical categories, on the one hand, and of its various subtypes with all lexico-grammatical features of theirs, on the other. So the verb is a part of speech that has a very developed system of morphological categories.
We think that the verb has lexico-grammatical meaning of :
1) an action - to play, to work, to translate.
2) a process - to love, to think, to live.
3) a quality - to redden, to blacken, to whitewash
4) a state - to free, to release, to imprizon, to enrich, fatigued, tired, to retire
Morphologically verbs are classified into:
1.standard and non-standard verbs.
(regular) (irregular)
want- wanted sit-sat
2. invariable verbs; to put, cut, hit, cast , let, set, etc.
3. mixed type: keep-kept (not “ed”or “d”)
sleep-slept
feel-felt
learn-learnt or learned
4. verbs of being have suppletive forms, to be has the following forms:
am-was are-were is-was
5. finite and non-finite verbs: to work- is working- has worked
Functionally the verbs are classified into:
1.Notional: to read, to help
2.Functional: to do, to have, to be
a) auixillary(of two types: 1) auixillaries; : am reading, have read etc.
2) Semi-auxiliaries:get to, happen to,seem to,
be about to, be going to, be likely to, etc. 
b) link verbs; to become, to be, to grow, to get, etc.
Semi-auxiliaries
Among the auxiliary verbs, we distinguish a large number of multi-word verbs, which are called SEMI-AUXILIARIES. These are two-or three-word combinations, and they include the following:

get to happen to have to mean to

seem to tend to turn out to used to

be about to be going to be likely to be supposed to

Like other auxiliaries, the semi-auxiliaries occur before main verbs:
The film is about to start
I'm going to interview the Lord Mayor
I have to leave early today
You are supposed to sign both forms
I used to live in that house 
Some of these combinations may, of course, occur in other contexts in which they are not semi-auxiliaries.
Forexample:
I'm going to London 
Here, the combination is not a semi-auxiliary, since it does not occur with a main verb. In this sentence, going is a main verb. Notice that it could be replaced by another main verb such as travel (I'm travelling to London). The word 'm is the contracted form of am, the progressive auxiliary, and to, as we'll see later, is a preposition. 
3.Modal verbs: can, may, might etc.
Syntactically we distinguish subjective and objective verbs: Subjective verbs are associated only with names denoting the subject of the action.
He works. She lives on.
Objective verbs are usually associated with the names in the function of object.
He kissed him tenderly.
Objective verbs connected with the objects directly are called ''transitive''. The subjective and objective verbs that may/may not/ be connected (with object not directly ) but indirectly) are called ''intransitive''.
Semantically we can distinguish terminative and non-terminative verbs.
1)non-terminative: to sleep, to think, to love, to carry,etc.
2)terminative: to hit, to slap, to risk, to break, etc.
We have verbs with aspectual meanings; begin, stop, resume, etc
The first group can be called, as to M.Y. Blokh, ''unlimitative'' and the second ''limitative''.
Structurally verbs may be divided into the following types:
1. Simple - sit, work, talk, etc.
2. Derivative: intensify, pacify, gasify,
a) stem+affix: activate, motivate, pressurize, darken, blacken,
b) affix+stem: rewrite, subdivide, mistake, untie
3. Composite:
a) compound (with coordinated elements): whitewash, black-market, blackmail transact, underestimate, overdo, overlap, outdoor, outfight,
b) complex with subordinated elements: to sit up
to give away
to give in
to keep on
to insist on
Verb has a changeable form, which speaks for its having certain grammatical categories.
Verb has various syntactical functions in a sentence:
1) predicate - She works
2) subject - To live is to fight
3) object - I remember having seen him before
4) a part of a complex object: I see him jump every day
5) attribute - Here is a book for you to read
6) adverbial modifiers of:
a) time: Having done the work,we came back
b) purpose; I came to speak to you
c) reason: He excused her for coming late
d) condition: He, if questioned, will tell the truth.
e) concession: He, though criticized, was not angry
f) comparison: He stopped there, as if knowing the secret
g) manner: He spoke stammering
h) attending circumstances: The whole day was spent in waiting
Sunstantivization of verbs is a normal process in English:
to work - working (gerund) workings (verbal noun)
to paint - painting (gerund) paintings (verbal noun)
to meet - meeting (gerund) meetings (verbal noun) or noun
to build - building (gerund) buildings (verbal noun) or noun
The grammatical categories of the verb.
The disputable character of the categories of the verb is naturally linked with the total number of the verbal categories.
B.S.Khainovich and B.I.Rogovskaya: Ivanova:
1).voice 1..tense
2).order 2.voice
3).aspect 3.mood
4).mood 4.aspect
5).tense 5.order
6).posteriority
7).person
8).number


Other morphological categories:
1) negative-non negative (negopositivity) affirmation: take -don't take
2) interrogative- non-interrogative
does he take
does he not take
The category of order
(time correlation in B.A.Ilyish's term)
The category of order is system of the member opposemes such as ''writes-has written, wrote- had written, is writing-has been writing, will write-will have written, was writing-had been writing etc, showing whether the action is viewed as prior to (perfect) or irrespective of (non-perfect) other actions or situations.
The category of aspect.
works-is working
has worked-has been working
to work-to be working
the semantic point of view by distinguishing the following subtypes of aspect:
1) terminative aspect - he went there
2) ingressive - he began to work
3) effective - she ceased speaking
4) durative - Wheat grows in Canada. She is working .
5) iterative - Each night the man would walk.