= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

6.1. The passive voice (state). In English the passive state of the verb is formed by combining of the help verb "to be" in the corresponding tense form with the Participle II of the main verb, which expresses its lexical meaning: He was invited. The peculiarity of such a passive construction is that it renders two different meanings; a) the meaning of the state passiveness (пасив стану), e.g.: The house is built "будинок (е) збудований", b) the meaning of the passiveness of the action (пасив дп) - "будинок будуетъся ". This contradiction between the form and the content of the grammar category is especially obvious if we take into consideration other European languages, which have different forms to express the passiveness of the state and the passiveness of the action.
Thus in Ukrainian the passiveness of the state is expressed analytically. This form is built by combining the help verb бути in the corresponding tense with the past participle of the verb, expressing the lexical meaning: буе розроблений, буе побудований. This form is created only by verbs of the perfective aspect. They also create a widely used construction with the passive meaning with non-personal indeclinable forms in -но, -то, e.g.: будинок збудовано, статтю було опрацьовано, роботу будерозпочато and others.
The passiveness of the action is rendered in Ukrainian in a synthetic way - by the verb forms with the suffix -ся: програма затверджуетъся, школа перебудовуетъся.
The absence of such outer characteristic features in English is compensated by the system of other language means: 1) context; 2) the form of the auxiliary verb; 3) semantics of a participle.
One more essential characteristic feature and striking difference in building passive in English and Ukrainian is the different way of usage of the meaning of verb transitiveness to form the passive state.

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The Ukrainian language forms characteristically the passive state mainly from the verbs which have the direct transitive meaning (прямо-перехщне значения), that is they transform the direct object of the active state construction into the subject of the passive construction: вони будуютъ хату — хата будуетъея ними.
A special and very characteristic feature of modern English language is the fact that it uses all the meanings of the verb transitiveness to form the passive: the direct transitiveness, the indirect transitiveness without the preposition and the indirect transitiveness with the preposition. In other words English passive constructions are formed with the usage in the role of the subject of any object of the active construction: the direct object, the indirect object or the prepositional object.
So in the English language we have the following typical passive constructions:
a) with the usage of the direct-transitive meaning of the verb:
The house was built of stone (Будинок будувався з каменю).
Such constructions are also characteristic of the Ukrainian language.
b) with the usage of the indirect-transitive meaning of the verb:
She was given a book (lit дали книжку).
Such constructions are impossible in Ukrainian. The main peculiarity of such a usage of the passive state in English is the fact that in such cases the passive is formed from verbs which have two objects: the direct and the indirect one (to give something to somebody). The subject of the passive construction corresponds to the indirect object of the active construction whereas the direct object remains without changes and functions in the passive construction as the so called retained object ("утриманий" об'ект).
c) with the usage of the indirect transitiveness with the
prepositional form of government (керування). e.g.: The doctor was
sent for (За лтарем послали).
Such forming of passive is all together uncharacteristic for other Indo-European languages.
d) Especially peculiar are passive constructions with the usage
not of a transitive meaning of the verb but its circumstantial relations
(3 використанням не перехадного значения д1еслова, а його обставинних зв'язюв), e.g.: The room has not been lived in (У idMHami nixmo не жив); This bed was not slept in (На цъому тжковг nixmo не спав).
Here the role of the subject of the passive construction is performed not by a former object of the active construction but by the former circumstance of place: Nobody has lived in the room. Nobody slept in this bed.
In Ukrainian such a passive construction is rendered either by an active one: У uiu KiMHami nixmo не жив, or by the indefinite-personal construction: У uiu шмнатг не жили [5; 88-90].