1 What is comparative typology and types of it?

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1)What is comparative typology and types of it?
Comparative typology is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Typology represents an approach or theoretical framework to the study of language that contrasts with prior approaches
2.) Branches of Comparative Typology as to the levels of language hierarchy
Comparative Typology operates at all levels of language hierarchy without exception. In other words, it can compare the units of phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical levels
3.) Phonology: Segmental phonology and Suprasegmental phonology
Phonetics and phonology have two levels: segmental and suprasegmental.
Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in avarious speech sound. So it
may be called phonemics. Suprasegmental phonology (prosodics) studies the
distinctive features realized in syllables, stress, and intonation
4.) Theoretical basis of determining necessary constants in morphological level
Morphological typology studies the units of themorphological level. It deals with
two types of comparison:
 morphological or typological classification of languages;
 Parts of speech and their grammatical categories.
5.) Morphological composition of pronoun.
There is no uniformity of morphological and syntactical characteristics in the groups of pronouns. Some pronouns have the grammatical categories of person, gender, case, and number. The categories of person and gender (in the third person singular) exist only in personal, and possessive pronouns. Pronouns as well as nouns have two cases but whereas some pronouns have the nominative and objective cases, others have the common and genitive cases.

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1. Morphological typology: Polysynthetic languages
The word "polysynthesis" is composed of the Greek roots poly meaning "many" and synthesis meaning "placing together". A polysynthetic language is a language where words are made with lexical morphemes (substantive, verb, adjective, etc) as if parts of sentences were bound together to constitute one word, which can sometimes be very long. Those “words” will be translated by several words or even by a complete sentence for less synthetic languages such as English. Nowadays, this definition is often used to describe any language where words are made out of a lexical/verbal root, when syntactic functions are only marked by affixes. In that case, we could describe Basque as a polysynthetic language, although there are no “sentence-words” as long as our example. The concepts of agglutinative and polysynthetic languages are controversial and their definitions are sometimes considered as non-operational.
2. Typology of a word combination/phrase in English and Native languages
Such linguistic notions as case, gender, person, tense voice, possession, etc. are of
general character for the comparing languages, but they may be expressed by typologically different means of the language. The system of grammatical forms indicating the syntactic relations of nouns (or pronouns) is usually treated as the category of case; in other words, case is a grammatical form which takes part in the formation of the paradigm of nouns (or pronouns). Grammarians seem to be divided in their opinion as to the case system of the English nouns. The most common view is that they have only two case: common (subject) and possessive (genitive) cases. The common case is characterised by a zero morpheme (suffix) (e.g.: child, boy, student, girl) and the possessive case by the inflexion -’s and its phonetic variants as [s], and [iz]. The typological category of gender consists of the notions of of natural (biological sex and the grammatical (formal) gender. The connection of this category with the natural sex is in the fact, that it (this category) denotes the gender (sex) of people, animals and birds. It is displayed by the nouns and pronouns in English. (But in Russian it can also be expressed by the the adjectives and the past simple tense form of the verbs.) Most of the Uzbek grammar books do not contain any information about the category of gender of Uzbek nouns, because the authors consider Uzbek nouns not to have this category at all.
3 Lexical typology
Lexical typology as a branch of linguistics dealing with lexicalization patterns and the typology of lexical systems has a rather strong tradition. It should be noted that earlier this area was called "semantic typology", and for this reason "semantic typology" is mentioned among the six typologies in the seminal paper by Greenberg. One set of types reflects the basic order of subject, verb, and direct object in sentences:
Object–subject–verb (OSV)
Object–verb–subject (OVS)
Subject–verb–object (SVO)
Subject–object–verb (SOV)
Verb–subject–object (VSO)
Verb–object–subject (VOS)
These labels usually appear abbreviated as "SVO" and so forth, and may be called
"typologies" of the languages to which they apply. The most commonly attested word orders are SOV and SVO while the least common orders are those that are object initial with OVS being the least common with only four attested instances.
4. Morphological composition of verb.
An English verb has four morphological forms (forms of word formation) ever needful to be ascertained in the first place: the present, the past, the present participle, and the past participle. The third person singular is the fifth morphological form. Verbs are often called action words that show what the subject (a noun or pronoun) is doing. A verb is a word4 that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted on: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled, I love, you love, he loves. Verbs are so called, from the Latin verbum, a word; because the verb is that word which most essentially contains what is said in any clause or sentence. Although described as "action words", they can describe abstract concepts. They are a requirement of any sentence. Verbs have modifications of four kinds: moods, tenses, persons and numbers. Tenses are those modifications of the verb, which distinguish time. There are three tenses -
The Present,
The Past, and
The Future.
Each of the above category lists subcategories. One could even say there are twelve tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms, which have different meaning.