1. What is Modernism in English Literature and enumerate modernist techniques.

Variant 5

1. 
   What is tragedy and describe the main elements of Shakespearean tragedies? (200-300 words
   

The term “Shakespearean tragedy” refers to the majority of tragedies produced by the playwright William Shakespeare. Many of his history plays have the characteristics of a Shakespearean tragedy, yet they were categorised as “histories” in the First Folio since they are based on historical individuals from England’s past. Although the Roman plays—Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus—are also based on real characters, they are nearly always regarded as tragedies rather than histories due to their source stories being foreign and ancient. Shakespeare’s romances (tragicomic plays) were written in the latter stages of his career and were initially released as either tragedy or comedy. They contain aspects of tragedy due to the presence of a prominent focal figure, yet conclude happily, as Shakespearean comedies do. Several hundred years after Shakespeare’s death, scholar F.S. Boas coined a fifth category, the “problem play,” for works that do not fit neatly into any of the previous four categories due to their subject matter, setting, or ending. Certain Shakespeare plays continue to be classified differently by experts. When Shakespeare was writing, the English Renaissance was fueled by a resurgence of interest in Roman and Greek classics, as well as surrounding renaissance literature written in Italy, France, and Spain years earlier. Shakespeare authored the majority of his tragedies during James I’s reign, and their darker themes may reflect both the country’s general mood following Elizabeth I’s death and James’ theatrical preferences. Shakespeare, like other playwrights of his day, drew inspiration for his plays from history, other plays, and non-dramatic literature. Because there was no copyright or protection against plagiarism in Elizabethan England, characters, themes, and even entire lines of poetry were considered common property. With the exception of Romeo and Juliet and Othello, which are based on Giraldi Cintio’s narrative fictions, the majority of Shakespeare’s plays are based on historical persons.