11-8 mbtxt-20 guruh talabasi

O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
BUXORO DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI
XORIJIY TILLAR FAKULTETI
TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVODIDAKTIKA KAFEDRASI

11-8 MBTXT-20 - guruh talabasi

Olimova Sayohatning
“Etymological structure of the English vocabulary” mavzusidagi
KURS ISHI
5112200 – Maktabgacha va boshlang’ich ta’limda xorijiy til (ingliz tili)


Ilmiy rahbar: Saidova Zulfizar
Buxoro -2023


CONTENTS:
1. ETYMOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS……………
2. NATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH………………………………...
3. ETYMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY……………………………………………………
4. THE HISTORY OF ETYMOLOGY ORIGIN…………………..
5. AN ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS…


ETYMOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS

Etymology is a special branch of the science of language devoted to the study of the origin of words.As a rule, it is not studied at school as a separate subject, so the majority of people have little knowledge of this linguistic direction. On the other hand, there is hardly a person who would not try to explain for himself where this or that word came from.To understand the interpretation of the term, it is customary to refer to its history. The lexeme "etymology" has ancient Greek roots and is easily divided into two components.From the Greek language, “etimon” (ἔτυμον) is translated into Russian as “truth”, “the main meaning of the word”, but “logos” (λόγος) is traditionally read as “word” and “teaching”.Simply put, literally, etymology means something like “the doctrine of the true meaning of a word.” This term is quite ancient: it comes from the works of the Stoics of Ancient Greece, most likely belongs to Chrysippus. Time of appearance - III century BC. Despite the fact that even at the time of its inception, the word acquired its current meaning, until the 19th century grammar was sometimes called etymology. Currently, the term is interpreted as follows (according to the article of academician O.N. Trubachev):Etymology is a section of linguistics (historical), which is devoted to the study of the original word-formation structure of a word and the identification of elements of its ancient meaning.At the same time, the scientist gives another understanding of what etymology is. However, the second interpretation is a derivative of the first. In the encyclopedia "Russian language" it is filed in this way:Etymology is a research procedure aimed at revealing the origin of a word, as well as the very result of this procedure.Simply put, this term is also understood as a research methodology that is used to identify the genesis (origin) of a word. The original meaning and original form is called the word "etimon". Linguists are interested not only in the generating lexeme (morpheme), but also in the process of transformation itself . Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words.Etymology can also be defined as a set

of research methods aimed at revealing the origin of a word, as well as the very result of this disclosure.Principles of etymology:
The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language, as well as the reconstruction of the vocabulary of the language of the most ancient period (usually pre-literate). In the vocabulary of each language there is a significant fund of words, the relationship of the form of which with the meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the word formation models operating in the language. Historical changes in words usually obscure the primary form and meaning of the word, and the symbolic nature of the word determines the difficulty of reconstructing the primary motivation, that is, the connection between the primary form and meaning of the word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of the word is to determine when, in what language, according to what word-formation model, on the basis of what language material, in what form and with what meaning the word arose, as well as what historical changes in its primary form and meaning determined the present form and meaning. Reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word - in fact, is the subject of etymological analysis.Etymology is characterized by the complex nature of research methods. The essence of the procedure of etymological analysis: the genetic identification of the considered word or its stem with another word or its stem as the original generator, as well as the identification of other structural elements of the word with historically known structural elements and the reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word with primary motivation. An indispensable stage of etymological analysis is the removal of later historical changes. The basis of the etymological technique is the comparative historical method of studying various units of the language, which is based on the laws of phonetic changes, morphological changes, etc., which are the subject of study of comparative grammar.It should be noted that particular difficulties in etymological analysis are the explanation of meanings, their development and the reconstruction of their primary semantics. The basis for semantic analysis in etymological studies is the method of semantic parallels: cases of similar development or combination of meanings are given as proof of the supposed development of meanings. A necessary working technique in etymology is the reconstruction of the form and meaning, historically preceding the attested ones, that is, the restoration on its basis of the attested lexemes and their primary forms and meanings. Relationship of etymology with other sciences
Etymology is closely related to dialectology, since dialect data are important for resolving the issue of the origin of many words of the literary language. Also, etymology is of great importance for the development of historical lexicology in general and for comparative historical grammar, for which it plays the role of the basis and source of new materials that confirm already established patterns and reveal unexplored phenomena in the history of the language. Since etymology is available at chronological levels unattainable for written history, it serves, along with archeology, as an important tool for studying the history of human society.
Etymological dictionaries:The material of etymological dictionaries not only gives an idea of ​​how, in which language this or that word arose, what path it went in its development, in which languages ​​it is recorded, in what form and with what meaning, but also allows you to determine which words are more common. of all have an indisputable, the only true etymology, and some are hypothetical.
Etymological dictionaries differ not only in purpose, but also in vocabulary. As a rule, the work of tens or even hundreds of scientists is invested in them. The subject of etymology is the study of the entire lexical composition of the language, which can be found not only in modern, but also in historical (obsolete) texts in order to identify the mechanisms of lexicon formation.And also - the reconstruction of the composition of the dictionary of the most ancient periods of the development of the language. As a rule, we are talking about epochs before the appearance of a written version of its implementation.
It is obvious that restoring the older forms of different lexemes is not a task of the same complexity. In the everyday life of linguists there is a related concept of the so-called:
" Dark " etymology of the word - one that is difficult to recognize;
" transparent " etymology - obvious, not requiring additional analysis of sources.
It must be remembered that there are no such established terms in science. The reason is that the degree of this “transparency” is a very subjective factor that directly depends on the presuppositivity base (existing experience, accumulated knowledge) of a scientist or layman. The key method of etymology is reconstruction.Etymological research is aimed at restoring the most ancient form of words . That is, the goal of the scientist is the most accurate reconstruction of the language of our ancestors.To delve into the history of a word, the following method is usually used:The lexeme (or its key part - the root) is correlated with related lexemes (or, accordingly, morphemes).
Based on the correlation, a common root is distinguished , which is called generating.Based on the variants of historical changes (more often described earlier, less often - only researched ones), later layers are “removed”. It is important to do this gradually, reversely, step by step - from the modern form of the word to the historical one.Determine the original form, as well as its interpretation.This algorithm looks quite simple, but in reality the process is usually very complicated. There is a huge risk of making mistakes at the stage of removing historical layers.In addition, words could undergo atypical changes, the influence of other languages, or even the pressure of extralinguistic influences.
In view of this state of affairs, the reconstructed form cannot be considered 100% reliable. She is relative. The word-reconstruction is denoted with a * in front of the first letter. A few words about folk etymologyOur consciousness works in such a way that we ourselves often trace some historical connection between words. Consonant units may seem like relatives to us.What is this - etymology or not? Linguists have a well-established name for such a phenomenon (what is this?) (https://ktonanovenkogo.ru/voprosy-i-otvety/fenomen-chto-ehto-takoe-i-gde-stavit-udarenie.html) . It is called "folk etymology" - false , most often based on associative links and similar sounding.Children's speech tells us about the naturalness of this process . A child, not understanding a new word, but knowing its meaning, can build his own lexeme based on existing knowledge.For example, a baby can say “digger” instead of “shovel”, because here the origin is obvious for him - from the word “dig”. Examples are easy to find in common parlance: "back jacket" instead of "jacket" reflects the place of wearing this garment. Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of individual words and morphemes.- The subject of etymology as a section of linguistics is the study of the sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of the language, as well as the reconstruction (restoration) of the vocabulary of the language of the ancient period (usually pre-written). In the vocabulary of each language there is a significant fund (reserve) of words, the relationship of the form of which with the meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the word formation models operating in the language. Historical changes in words usually obscure the primary form and meaning of the word, and the symbolic nature of the word determines the difficulty of reconstructing the primary motivation, that is, the connection between the primary form and meaning of the word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of a word is to determine when, in what language, according to what word-formation model, on the basis of what language material.