11. Mavzu: Ilk va maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning yurak qon-tomir tizimining yosh hususiyatlari va kasalliklari. Reja

11.Mavzu: Ilk va maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning yurak qon-tomir tizimining yosh hususiyatlari va kasalliklari.

Reja

1. 
   Bolalarda yurak qon-tomir tizimini (YuQT)
   
2. 
   Qon va uning tarkibi
   
3. 
   Yurakning tug’ma nuqsonlari
   
4. 
   Maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda qon vaYuQT kasalliklari haqidagi tanishtirish
   
5. 
   Kasalliklaeni oldini olish
   

Kalit so’zlar: Ilk yoshdagi bolalar, maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalar, yurak qon-tomir tizimi, qon, tug’ma nuqsonlar, kasalliklar.
YURAK-QON TOMIR TIZIMI KASALLIKLARI

Yurakning tug‘ma nuqsonlari

Yuraknung tug‘ma nuqsonlari ichki a’zolarning tug‘ma nuqsonlari orasida ancha keng tarqalgan patologiya bo‘lib, har 100 ta chaqaloqning 7-8 tasida kuzatiladi.

Yurak va qon tomirlari. Embrion qon aylanish. Tug‘ilmagan bolaning qon sistemasi tug‘ilgan bolanikiga qaraganda farqli bо‘ladi. Tug‘ilmagan bolaning о‘pkalari hali ishlamaydi, unda gazlar almashinuvi bо‘lmaydi, qonning asosiy qismi о‘ng bо‘linmadan chap bо‘linmaga о‘tadi. О‘ng bо‘lma orqali о‘pka arteiyasiga yetadigan qon aortada qisqa doira orqali oqadi. Embrion qon aylanishda kerakli gaz almashinuvi placentada qatnashadi. Kislorodga yaxshi tо‘yinmagan qon plastinkaga ikkita umbilical arteriolar orqali oqadi. Kislorodga tо‘yingan qon bola organizmiga umbilical vena orqali qaytib keladi.

Tug‘ilishdan kryin о‘pkalar kengayadi va о‘pkadagi qon aylanishularning qо‘shilib rivojlanishi natijasidan rivojlanadi. Bir vaqtning о‘zidan oval va arteriosus yopiladi, bu о‘zgargan bforamen ‘sim farqlari natijasida sodir bо‘ladi.

Arterial sistema Hamma sistematik sirkulyatsiya aorta orqali oqadi. 2ta korona qon tomirlarining paydo bо‘lishida keyin, aorta arki sifatida egiladi va sо‘ng umurtqa rо‘parasidagi chap tomonida pastga boradi. Aorta diafragmani kesib о‘tadi qorin aortasi sifatida, bu tо‘rtinchi bel umurtqa suyagiga tо‘g‘ri keladi va ikkita illik atreryasiga bо‘linadi.2ta katta tomir tizimi, bosh va oyoq qо‘llarni taminlovchi, aortic yoyidan ajraladi. О‘ng tomondan chiqadigan birinchi sohasi (tomir) о‘ng sapclavin va о‘ng carotid arterialarning umumiy asosiy qismidir . Aorta arkidan chiqadigan ikkinchi va uchinchi sohalar (tomirlar) chap umumiy katorit arteriyasidir¹.

(The Vascular System—Structure and FunctionThe Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, and CapillariesThe circulatory system connects the capillary bed, which serves the exchangeof substances, with the heart through the arteries and veins. Thefunction of the arteries and veins is strictly to channel the blood, not toexchange substances. Arteries and veins may be distinguished by the factthat pressure in the arteries is high and that in the veins is low.

The Structure of Arteries and VeinsArteries and veins resemble each other in that their walls contain threecoats. However, the vessels adapt to their different circulatory tasks bydiffering in the structure of these coats (Fig. 5.16). The inner coat (vascularendothelium, tunica intima) consists of a single layer of endothelialcells applied to a thin connective tissue layer, the basement membrane.The middle coat (tunica media) contains primarily smooth muscle andelastic tissue fibers. The outer coat (tunica adventitia, adventitious coat)embeds the vessel in its surroundings and consists mainly of connectivetissue. In addition, the arteries have an elastic, fenestrated membrane)