23. Types of activities. The activities of the teacher include

The historical review of teaching foreign languages in settlements of Uzbeks at ancient times
Teaching foreign languages in Uzbekistan has a long-lasting history that was described in details by prof. J.J. Jalolov in his works
From the ancient times bilinguism and multilinguism were widely spread on the territory of Uzbekistan. The Uzbek people learned the Tajik language and other languages from childhood. For i example, Amir Timur since his childhood freely spoke in Turkish and Tajik languages⁶.
Peoples living at that time in this area always knew languages of each other. The Uzbek people tried to learn languages of neighboring and distant states. At that time among the population of our homeland the Arabic language also became widely extended, as an effect of spreading Islamic religion.
A lot of archival documents gave evidence that until the second half of the XX century maktab and madrasah students (Muslim schools) had acquired the Arabic alphabet and vocabulary, learned by heart some parts of the Koran, learned to read and write the Shariat Laws. Self-study of the FL was extended, sometimes the students focused on classical literature of the East, learning by heart poems. The main goal of the Arabic language learning was to know it as the language of religion, while the Persian language was the language of science, literature and trade. The level of language proficiency and learning period depended on qualification of teachers and students’ needs. It is known that progressive thinkers and scientist of the time such as Muhammad Musa Khoresmiy, Ahmad Ferghani. Abu Nasr Farabi. Abu Rayihan Beruni, Abu Ibn Sino, Ulugbek, Alisher Navoi and others were polyglots. Knowing different languages they could study the works of the Eastern and Western scientists and created their own original works.
In Central Asia (before joining Russia) the oriental languages teaching was conducted under two directions: 1) classical - teaching of the Arabic language at maktabs and madrasah where the attention was paid to grammar, orthoepy (rules for correct pronunciation) and stylistic features; 2) practical method of acquiring the language while trading with representatives of alien countries.
As a result of annexing Turkestan by the Russian Tsar, a peculiar bilateral system of education took place in the territory of Uzbekistan. On the one hand a widespread network of elementary Muslim schools under the government of mosques and madrasah was functioning where the main objective was to teach the Islam doctrines. On the other hand schools with Russian-speaking teaching started to be organized. By 1867 their quantity reached 10 schools. According to academician V.V.Bartold, under the governor of area Kauffman the Muslim organizations, including educational institutions were opened». Migration of a large number of the Russian-speaking population into Uzbek land and bourgeoisie changes in the local conditions influenced the education system. Secondary educational institutions for the Russian-speaking population were opened in this region.
By 1906, lessons were conducted in Russian in five gymnasiums for boys and five gymnasiums for girls, in seminaries for teachers, in the Tashkent military school and in many other educational institutions. Alongside with this, four-year Russian - native schools were opened. The purpose was to teach the Russian language to local people for their further work in various organizations.
At that time FL teaching and learning in Uzbekistan was dictated by political and practical goals. In the seventies of the XIX century it was important to study the European languages across Russia because of the rivalry between Russia and Britain in colonization of Eastern countries. Depending on the dominant position of FL in Uzbekistan many words were borrowed from different languages into the Uzbek language.
484. Transformational Generative Grammar. transformational grammar, also called Transformational-generative Grammar, a system of language analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are called transformations) to express these . In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of natural languages. It considers grammar to be a system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language and involves the use of defined operations (called transformations) to produce new sentences from existing ones.
485. Explain input Hypethesis? The input hypothesis. This states that learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. The Input Hypothesis draws on the Natural Order Hypothesis; the idea is that there is a natural order of acquisition, but in order to advance from one step to the next, a learner needs to get comprehensible input, input which provides evidence for the stage one level past the learners' current level. If what you say is not understood it is virtually worthless for acquisition. APPLYING THE INPUT HYPOTHESIS IN THE CLASSROOM: Discard listen and repeat. Remember that for acquisition there is little-to-no place for the traditional “Listen and Repeat” strategy.
486. What is learning by teaching? In the field of pedagogy, learning by teaching is a method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and prepare lessons to teach it to the other students. There is a strong emphasis on acquisition of life skills along with the subject matter. Learning by teaching can help improve student efficacy, confidence and communication skills. In addition to learning content, Richard said that students learn productive beliefs about themselves. In his words: “If students feel confident enough to explain it to someone else, they might develop a higher self-efficacy. Learning by teaching is a mode of learning where students are expected to comprehend material and then prepare presentations or a lesson plan to teach their peers. This method is intended to help the presenter enhance their own understanding of the material.
487. The pimsleur language learning sistem. The Pimsleur language learning system is an audio based course that presents phrases in the target language first, and then in your mother tongue for you to translate into that language. It was developed based on research carried out by linguist Paul Pimsleur several decades ago. Each drill or exercise takes right around 3 to 8 minutes complete. Thus, in total, with a half dozen or so of these drills per lesson, you're looking at around an hour to complete the full Pimsleur lesson – that is, the audio portion plus all the reinforcement drills. With Pimsleur, you don't just study a new language, you learn to speak a new language. You learn to communicate in the language. You don't learn rules, vocabulary lists or grammar out of context. You acquire your new language by listening, mimicking and answering questions -- the same way you mastered your native language as a child.
Because learning a new language is not about how many words you know, how many grammar rules you’ve learned, or how many catch phrases you're able to memorize. It's about understanding what you hear, and responding easily and naturally.
It's about helping your brain do what it's designed to do. And with the help of the scientifically-proven Pimsleur Method, you too can speak a new language in just 30 Days.
489. Private tutoring. Hired by a student or family, a private tutor provides one-on-one instruction to help students achieve their academic or personal learning goals. They work with students on specific subjects, especially the ones they're struggling with, or to prepare for exams. In general, private supplementary tutoring is considered an effective means of improving academic achievement by parents. A private tutor teaches students individually or in small groups. They typically specialize in teaching a particular subject or age group, such as geography or first graders. Tutors may travel to the residential homes of their clients to provide their tutoring sessions or work at a school or academic center.
490. What is Multilingualism? Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism refers to being fluent in multiple (more than two) languages. It is normative in many countries for children to be raised multilingual. Being multilingual has the obvious benefit of being able to communicate with more people from different cultures.
491. What is bilingualism? bilingualism, Ability to speak two languages. It may be acquired early by children in regions where most adults speak two languages.Bilingualism means to have the ability to communicate in two languages. For example, a person could communicate in French and Spanish or English and American Sign Language. A person could become bilingual because they are raised in a dual-language household or because they learn a second language later in life. Bilingualism strengthens cognitive abilities - bilingual people tend to be more creative and flexible. They can be more open-minded, and they also find it easier to focus on a variety of tasks simultaneously. And being able to speak two languages helps in other ways too.
492. Differentiated approach to teaching pronunciation. A well-organized and systematic approach makes the course attractive and suitable for students of various specialities. Approaches to teaching pronunciation. It is stated that there are three significant approaches to teach pronunciation namely analytic-linguistic approach, intuitive-imitative approach and integrative approach. The mentioned approaches are associated with different methods of language teaching.
493. The principles of teaching pronunciation. The key concept in teaching pronunciation is comprehensibility – being understood by other speakers of the language. (The goal is not to sound like a native speaker!) We speak in short bursts of speech – in intonation units or pause units (not sentences!). Word Stress Patterns - Help students improve their pronunciation by focusing on short sentences using standard word stress patterns. Introduce Stress and Intonation - One of the best ways to help students is to focus their attention on the music of English through the use of stress and intonation.
494. What are the advanced level pronunciation activities? Improving pronunciation through a focus on stress and intonation is one of the best ways to improve higher intermediate to advanced level English learners. At this level, students have a good grasp on the basics of each phoneme through the use of exercises such as minimal pairs, and individual syllable stress. Dictate sentences and ask students to mark the words that are stressed. Underline the stressed words in a dialogue. Say the sentences aloud and then drill the sentences in class chorally. Students record the sentences on their smartphones and check their stress. Let's start with some advanced activities:
Fast Dictation.
Homophone Go Fish.
Rhyming Poetry.
Sound Chain.
The Odd One Out.
Sound TPR.
Fruit Salad.
Pronunciation Bingo
495. The necessity of vocabulary enrichment. Vocabulary enrichment enables an individual to speak, write, and read in confidence and effectiveness. Vocabulary enrichment really helps language learners in the foreign language learning. It is needed by the language learners to understand the words they listen or read in the foreign language learning. Enrichment makes something more meaningful, substantial, or rewarding. Enrichment improves something. Riches are valuable things, such as money, jewels, and gold. Similarly, enrichment is when something is made more valuable. A reading enrichment program improves education. This means learning vocabulary by reading and listening is more effective than trying to study word lists. It also means that it's better to make a note of how a word is used in a sentence, rather than just the word on its own.
496, 497, 498- повтор
499. Principles of teaching grammar. Here are 7 key principles to bear in mind when teaching grammar:
Build up your own subject knowledge. ...
Give talk a high priority in your classroom. ...
Remember the purpose of teaching grammar. ...
Teach grammar in context. ...
Read aloud and discuss how authors use grammar. ...
Be systematic. ...
Make learning grammar fun.
Methods of Teaching English Grammar
Deductive Method.
Inductive method.
Inductive Deductive Method.
Incidental Method.
500. The importance of grammar in learning a foreign language. Without proper grammar, one would have no idea how to speak or write in English. It helps us make sense of our words. It also dictates rules regarding how words are used and when they should be used. Without knowing this information, it would be impossible for us to understand anything or say anything at all! Grammar is not just about learning how to use words correctly; it’s also about understanding the patterns in languages worldwide (including in our own country). If learners see how these patterns work, they can use them and form sentences without worrying about forgetting rules such as subject-verb agreement or gender agreement. Understanding these rules makes it easier for learners to comprehend other people’s sentences when they speak English on television or read books aloud.
Importance Of Grammar in EnglishGrammar is an essential part of learning English. It is the foundation for speaking and understanding English. Learners need to know English grammar rules to use the language appropriately.