The real language universals were produced in 1961 in the World Congress of linguists by the group of American scholars John Greenberg, Jenkins and Charles Osgurd. - The real language universals were produced in 1961 in the World Congress of linguists by the group of American scholars John Greenberg, Jenkins and Charles Osgurd.
- The problem of universals is connected with the process of unification of language facts and with elaboration of specific methods of discovering linguistic universals. Some scholars think that creation of full list of linguistic universals is the main task of linguistic typology. They may be of different types: synchronic and diachronic, absolute and statistic (полные, неполные), deductive-inductive, simple and complex, universals of languages and of speech. They may be also attached to levels of language hierarchy.
Universals can be represented in the traditional way with the help of words or with special symbols. For example: - Universals can be represented in the traditional way with the help of words or with special symbols. For example:
- 1. If languages possess prepositions, they possess prefixes either. If they don't have prepositions, they lack prefixes. For example, the English and Russian languages have prepositions and they have prefixes either. Uzbek and other Turkic languages don't have prefixes, but these languages have postpositions.
- 2. If languages possess dual number, they possess plural number either. For example, in old English pronouns had singular, plural and dual numbers, but in modern English there exist only: singular and plural. Dual number existed in Sanskrit, Greek and ancient Russian.
Etalon language. It is a linguistic means with the help of which scholar fulfil the process of comparing of languages. The notion of etalon language is quite new and the full theoretical basis has not developed yet. It is still used for comparative purpose, which was known long ago. - Etalon language. It is a linguistic means with the help of which scholar fulfil the process of comparing of languages. The notion of etalon language is quite new and the full theoretical basis has not developed yet. It is still used for comparative purpose, which was known long ago.
- For practical purpose etalon language can be divided into maximal and minimal.
- Maximal etalon language is the whole language with the highly developed structure, which is used for the purpose of comparison. For example, the Latin language was used as etalon for compiling many European grammars.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
