60-odd years of moscow mathematical
part that splits into several pieces is, nevertheless, considered as one part.)
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Moscow olympiad problems
part that splits into several pieces is, nevertheless, considered as one part.) 57.10.6. Is there a polynomial P (x) with a negative coefficient while all the coefficients of any power P n (x) are positive for n > 1? Grade 11 57.11.1. Devise a polyhedron with no three faces having the same number of edges. 57.11.2. See Probl. 57.10.2 57.11.3. In a round goblet whose section is the graph of the function y = x 4 a cherry — a ball of radius r — is dropped. What is the largest r for which the ball can touch the lowest point of the bottom? (In plain math words: what is the maximal radius of the disc lying in the domain y ≥ x 4 and containning the origin?) 57.11.4. A convex polyhedron has 9 vertices, one of which is A. Parallel translations that send A into each of the other vertices form 8 equal polyhedra. Prove that at least two of these 8 polyhedra have an inner point in intersection. 57.11.5. Extensions of the sides AB and CD of a convex polygon ABCD intersect at point P ; extensions of the sides BC and AD intersect at point Q. Prove that if each of the Consider three pairs of bisectors: the outer angles of the quadrilateral at vertices A and C; the outer angles at vertices B and D; and the outer angles at vertices P and Q of triangles 4QAB and 4P BC, respectively. Prove that if each of the three pairs of bisectors intersects, the intersection points lie on one straight line. 57.11.6. Prove that for any k > 1 there exists a power of 2 such that among its k last digits the nines constitute not less than one half. For example: 2 12 = 4096, 2 53 = ...992 142 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 Olympiad 58 1 (1995) Grade 8 58.8.1. M. V. Lomonosov spent one denezhka a day for a loaf of bread and kvas. When prices went up 20%, he bought half a loaf of bread and kvas for the same denezhka. Will a denezhka be enough to buy at least kvas if the prices will again rise 20%? 58.8.2. Prove that the numbers of the form 10017, 100117, 1001117,... are divisible by 53. 58.8.3. Consider a convex quadrilateral and a point O inside it such that ∠AOB = ∠COD = 120 ◦ , AO = OB and CO = OD. Let K, L and M be the midpoints of sides AB, BC and CD, respectively. Prove that a) KL = LM ; b) triangle KLM is an equilateral one. 58.8.4. To manufacture a parallelepipedal closed box of volume at least 1995 units we have a)962, b) 960, c) 958 square units of material. Assuming our production is wasteless, is the stock sufficient? 58.8.5. Several villages are connected with a town; there is no direct communication between villages. A truck with goods for all villages starts from the town. The cost of the truck’s trip is equal to the product of the total weight of the load by the distance. Suppose that the weight of each item in the load is equal in some units to the distance from the town to the item’s destination. Prove that the cost of the delivery does not depend on the order in which the goods are delivered. 58.8.6. A straight line cuts off a regular quadrilateral ABCDEF triangle AKN such that AK + AN = AB. Find the sum of the angles with vertices in the vertices of the quadrilateral that subtend segment KN . Grade 9 58.9.1. Prove that if we insert any number of digits 3 between the zeroes of the number 12008, we get a number divisible by 19. 58.9.2. Consider an isosceles triangle ABC. For an arbitrary point P inside the triangle consider intersection points A 0 and C 0 of straight lines AP with BC and CP with BA, respectively. Find the locus of points P for which segments AA 0 and CC 0 are equal. 58.9.3. Let us refer to a rectangular of size1 × k for any natural k a strip. For what integer n can one cut a 1995 × n rectangle into pairwise different strips? 58.9.4. Consider a quadruple of natural numbers a, b, c and d such that ab = cd. Can a + b + c + d be a prime? 58.9.5. We start with four identical right triangles. In one move we can cut one of the triangles along the hight from the right angle into two triangles; so we get 5 right triangles. Prove that after any number of moves there are two identical triangles among the whole lot. 58.9.6. Geologists took 80 cans with preserved food for a trip. The weights of cans are known and pairwise distinct (there is an inventory). After a while the labells became unreadable and only the cook knows which can contains what. She can prove it beyond any doubt without opening the cans and using only the list of inventory and a balance with two pans and a hand that shows the difference of weight in the pans. Prove that to this end a) 4 weighings suffice while b) 3 do not. 58.9.1. The number sin a is known. What is the largest number of different values that a) sin a 2 ? b) sin a 3 can take? Grade 10 58.10.2. See Probl. 58.9.2. 58.10.3. Consider trapezoid ABCD. We construct circles with the lateral sides of the trapezoid as diameters. Suppose that the diagonals of ABCD meet at point K not on these circles. Prove that the lengths of the tangents to these circles from point K are equal. 58.10.4. See Probl. 58.9.5. 58.10.5. Prove that if a, b and c are integers and, moreover, a b + b c + c a and a c + c b + b a are integers, then a = b = c. 1 The authors of the problems are: A. Belov (10.6, 11.5, 11.7), D. Botin(8.4), Yu. Chekanov (9.3), A. Galochkin (8.2, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2), A. Gribalko (10.5), G. Kondakov (11.4), W. K. Kovaldzhi (8.1, 8.5), S. Markelov (8.3, 9.2, 10.1, 10.3), A. Shapovalov (9.5), V. Senderov (10.6, 11.5, 11.7), I. Sharygin (11.3), V. Proizvolov (8.6), A. Tolpygo (9.6). OLYMPIAD 59 (1996) 143 58.10.6. On a board, several bulbs are on. There are several buttons on the control panell. Pressing a button changes the state of the bulbs it is connected with. It is known that for any collection of bulbs there is a bulb connected with an odd number of bulbs from this set. Prove that by pressing buttons on can switch off all the bulbs. Grade 11 58.11.1. Prove that |x + y + z| ≤ |x + y − z| + |x − y + z| + | − x + y + z|, where x, y, z are real numbers. 58.11.2. Is it possible to paint the edges of n-angled prizm 3 colors so that each face had the boundary painted all 3 colors and each vertex was the intersection point of edges of different colors if a) n = 1995, b) n = 1996? 58.11.3. Consider triangle ABC, its median AM , bisector AL and a point K on AM such that KL k AC. Prove that AL ⊥ KC. 58.11.4. Divide segment [−1, 1] into black and white subsegments so that the integral of any a) linear function, b) quadratic polynomial along black segments was equal to that along white ones. 58.11.5. Consider two infinite in both ways sequences A of period 1995 and B which is either nonperiodic or the length of its period is 6= 1995. Let any segment of sequence B not longer than n be contained in A. What is the largest n for which such sequences exist? 58.11.6. Prove that there exist infinitely many nonprime n’s such that 3 n−1 − 2 n−1 .. . n. 58.11.7. Is there a polygon and a point outside it such that from this point non of its vertices is visible? Olympiad 59 1 (1996) Grade 8 59.8.1. It is known that a + b 2 /a = b + a 2 /b. Is it true that a = b? (R Fedorov) 59.8.2. Along a circle stand 10 iron weighs. Between every two weighs there is a brass ball. Mass of each ball is equal to the difference of masses of its neighboring weighs. Prove that it is possible to divide the balls among two pans, so as to make the balance in equilibrium. (V. Proizvolov) 59.8.3. At nodes of graph paper gardeners live; flowers grow everywhere around them. Each flower is to be taken care of by the three nearest to it gardeners. One of the gardeners wishes to know what is the flower (s)he has to take care of. Sketch the plot of these gardeners. (I. F. Sharygin) 59.8.4. Consider an equilateral triangle 4ABC. The points K and L divide the leg BC into three equal Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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