60-odd years of moscow mathematical
Download 1.08 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Moscow olympiad problems
◦
. The inequality ∠ODA < 45 ◦ being taken into account, it suffices to prove the estimate from above. The estimate from below is derived in the same way from ∠OBC + ∠ODA ≥ 90 ◦ . 18. If this set is infinite, the decimal representation of 5 n would contain too long sequences of zeros for a large n. 21. Define the distance from a point outside a sphere to the sphere as the length of the tangent from the point to this sphere. For each spherical hole, consider the set of all points “distanced” from the sphere of the hole not farther than from any other hole. It is easy to prove that for two spherical holes we thus get two half-spaces. In the general case, each of the sets obtained is a convex polyhedron containing a sphere. All polyhedrons adjoining each other entirely fill up the cube. 24. First, find an integer m such that the numbers 1 {mα} and {mβ} are both small (say, smaller than 0.01) but their ratio is not less than 2. 27. If the alarm-clock ticks uniformly but generally shows wrong time, then during, say, an hour there is only a finite number of moments when it indicates a right time. 28. a) It is easy to demonstrate that the parallelepipedal lattice can be replaced by that of cubes and the solution of the problem will not change. Circumscribe the ball round each of 8 vertices of the given cube (from cubic lattice) centered at each vertex; let the volume of each ball be equal to 1. The sum of the balls’ volumes is equal to 8 and the volume of the balls inside the cube is equal to 8 × 1 8 = 1. So the remaining 8 − 1 = 7 volume units fall on the neighboring cubes. Let us prove that each neighboring cube has not more than 1 2 of the volume unit, and, therefore, there number is not less than 14. Indeed, if the vertex of the given cube lies inside the face of the neighboring cube, this volume is 1 2 of the volume unit (the neighboring cube does not touch other balls). If the vertex of the cube lies on an edge of the neighboring cube, one more vertex can lie on its edges and the total volume does not exceed 2 × 1 4 = 1 2 of the volume unit. Finally, if the vertex of our cube is also the vertex of the neighboring cube, this cube may touch maximum 4 more vertices of our cube and this gives a volume of 4 × 1 8 = 1 2 of the volume unit. b) 2 See Fig. 99. 32. After any odd number of refills both containers have the same amount of water. 36. Make use of the identity ³ n 4 + 14 ´ = ³ n 2 + n + 12 ´ ³ n 2 − n + 12 ´ . 37. Apply Helly’s theorem: If any 3 of n given convex figures (e.g., discs) on the plane have a common point, then this point belongs to all of them. 39. Prove that AC · AD = R 2 , where R is the radius of the exterior circle. This follows from the fact that 4OAC ∼ 4OAD. 1 Here {x} is the fractional part of x. 2 We thank M. Urakov who suggested this extension. 154 SELECTED PROBLEMS Figure 99. (Hint A28) 42. Apply induction with the following hypothesis: the procedure described in the problem allows one to get from 1, 2, . . . , 2k any number 0 to 2k whose parity coincides with that of k. 47. The length of the projection of the given broken line to any edge is > 2. Therefore, the sum of these projections is ≥ 6. Now, prove that every chain of the broken line is not more than √ 2 times shorter than the sum of its projections. Make use of the fact that one of the projections of any chain is always equal to 0. 48. Make use of the Cauchy inequality for the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean. For the left inequality make use of the fact that Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling