60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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abc 3 q sin α + β + γ 2 sin α − β + γ 2 sin α + β − γ 2 sin −α + β + γ 2 . 83.(10). a) Any section of a solid by a plane is a disc. Prove that the solid is a ball. b)*** Any section of a solid is a polygon. Prove that the solid is a polyhedron. 1 Suggested by V.Gurvich for the selection competition to ??? in 1971. 152 PROBLEMS 84.(7-10). An organization committee of a Math Olympiad consists of 11 members. The problems for the Olympiad are kept in a strongbox. How many locks must the strongbox have and how many keys should every member of the committee have so that any six members can open the strongbox whereas no fewer group can do it? 85.(7-9). The hands of a clock are fixed but the dial can rotate. Prove that it is possible to turn the dial so that the clock shows a correct time between 12:00 p.m. and 1:00 p.m. 86.(8-10). Prove that if 0 < α 1 < α 2 < . . . < α n < π2 , then tan α 1 < sin α 1 + . . . + sin α n cos α 1 + . . . + cos α n < tan α n . 87.(7-8). Prove that if 1 x + y + z = 1 x + 1 y + 1 z , then two of the numbers x, y, z are equal in absolute value but have opposite signs. 88.(7-8). For which n ∈ N do there exist positive integers k 1 < k 2 < . . . < k n such that 1 k 1 + 1 k 2 + . . . + 1 k n = 1 ? 89.(7-10). Prove that if the tips of the legs of a table are vertices of a square, then it is possible to place the table on an uneven floor so that the table does not rock, i.e. so that all four tips of the legs touch the floor. 90.(8-10). For a, b, c > 0 solve the system for unknowns x, y, z: a x − b y = c − xy, b z − c x = a − xz, c y − a z = b − yz. 91.(10). A sphere with center O is inscribed in tetrahedron ABCD. Prove that if ∠ODC = 90 ◦ , then planes AOD and BOD are perpendicular. 92.(8-10). We write parentheses in the expression x 1 : x 2 : x 3 : . . . : x n with distinct x i ’s to indicate the order in which the numbers should be divided. The result is written in the form of the following fraction: x i 1 x i 2 . . . x i k x j 1 x j 2 . . . x j n−k . How many distinct fractions of this kind is it possible to derive from the given expression by different arrangements of parentheses therein? 93.(7-9). Three soccer teams played the same number of matches with one another. Is it possible that the winner won the least number of matches while the team that took the last place won a maximal number of games? 94.(7-10). Prove that from the edges of an arbitrary tetrahedron it is possible to construct two triangles so that each edge is a side of one of the triangles. 95.(9-10). Consider three straight lines in space, each two of them skew and not all parallel to a plane. How many straight lines can intersect all three given lines? 96.(8-9). Twelve laces are used to make a net in the form of a cube with side of 10 cm. Inside the net is a spherical balloon. It is inflated so that the net fits tight on its surface. Find the radius of the inflated balloon. 97.(7-10). An entire rectangular map of Moscow lies on top of another similar map of a larger scale (the sides of the maps are not necessarily parallel). Prove that it is possible to puncture both maps with a pin so that the point of the puncture denotes the same point of the city on both maps. 98.(8-10). Is 2222 5555 + 5555 2222 divisible by 7? 99.(9-10). Three rods of equal lengths are used to construct a rigid spatial structure in which the rods do not touch one another but are connected by non-elastic threads fastened to their ends. a) What least number of threads is necessary for this? b) ∗ What ratios of rod lengths and thread lengths make such a construction possible? HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 153 Hints to selected problems of Moscow mathematical circles 2. It is easy to see that there are no 1- and 2-digit examples. There are no 3-digit examples (for any base, not only decimal) either: indeed, it is clear that in the sum abc + cba neither the first nor the last figure can be equal to either a or c. A case-by-case checking shows that the least answer contains 5 digits. Remark. If the base were not 10, but, say, 9, there would have been 4-digit examples, say, 2 563 9 + 3 652 9 = 6 325 9 . Similar examples exist for any base divisible by 3 starting with 6. 4. Prove that the sum of these 14 numbers either is equal to 14 (if all vertices are labeled by 1’s) or differs from 14 by a multiple of 4, i.e. can be 10, 6, 2, −2, . . . . It suffices to prove that by changing the sign of one of the units at a vertex we alter the sum by a multiple of 4. 9. Make use of the fact that if 1 < z < t then z + t < zt . 10. First, divide both polyhedrons into arbitrary tetrahedrons (e.g., one can first divide a polyhedron into pyramids by connecting its inner point with the vertices). Then, selecting the smallest of the tetrahedrons obtained, one should cut a tetrahedron of the same size from one of the remaining tetrahedrons. Further, apply the induction on the number of tetrahedrons. 11. Let M be the center of square ABCD and let O lie, for example, in the triangle ABM . Now, prove that ∠OAB + ∠OCD ≤ 90 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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