60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
4BOT
= S KOT D because 4BT O and KOT D are equally composed, the former consisting of triangle BM H and rectangle M HT O and the latter of respectively equal figures: triangle T RD and rectangle OT RK. Finally, we get S 4AOB = S 4BOT = S KOT D . The diagonals of a regular pentagon have a remarkable property: BT = τ BD and KD = τ AD; hence, S 4AOB = S 4BOT = S KOT D should be true for the original triangle. You may be interested to plot the straight lines AM and BH using a ruler and compass. For this it suffices to learn how to plot lengths τ having a scale unit. It can be done, for example, as follows, see Fig. 113 e). Construct square ABCD with side 1, find the midpoint K of AD and then draw the circle centered at K with radius KC using your compass. Then the intersection point C 0 of this circle with an extension of AD is such that DC 0 = τ . Indeed, KC = r 1 4 + 1 = √ 5 2 = KC 0 , DC 0 = KC 0 − KD = √ 5 2 − 1 2 = τ. Now to plot a segment of length τ a from the segment a it suffices to perform the construction shown on Fig. 113 b) and well-known from school textbooks. Plotting the segments of lengths x = τ a and y = τ b, plot points M and H on AC and BC, see Fig. 113 b), so that BM = x, CH = y and then draw the required line segments AM and BH. The construction is completed. 30. If the i-th digit of the number 2 − √ 2 is equal to a, then the i-th digit of the number √ 2 − 1 is equal to 9 − a. If 4 1 3 < a < 4 2 3 , then 4 1 3 < 9 − a < 4 2 3 . It remains to generalize this fact to arithmetic means. 31. Select two planets and draw the plane through them and the center of the Sun. Let this plane be the equator of the Sun. Then from the northern and southern poles of the Sun not more than 7 planets can be seen (the planets which belong to the equatorial plane are invisible) and from at least one of the poles ≤ 3 planets are seen. Therefore, the pole from which ≤ 3 planets are seen is the point desired. 170 SOLUTIONS 33. It is easy to see that even the squares of size 1 2 and 1 3 cannot be squeezed inside any square whose side is less than 5 6 . In the square with side 5 6 all squares might be put, since their total area is equal to π 2 6 − 1 < ³ 5 6 ´ 2 . (We used the fact that P 1 n 2 = π 2 6 ; for its proof see any good text-book on Calculus.) This inequality certainly does not prove that they can actually be squeezed into a 5 6 × 5 6 square, one should guess an ingenious way to arrange them; look at Fig. 114. The bubbles on Fig. indicate the sized of the squares placed in the square indicated in the same way as the squares depicted on Fig. are placed in the given 5 6 × 5 6 squares. Figure 114. (Sol. A33) Figure 115. (Sol. A34) 34. The construction required is carried out as follows. Fix two distinct points, A and B, not diametri- cally opposite, on the surface of the ball. Draw two circles centered at A and B on the ball; let C and D be the intersection points of the circles. (It is important here that A and B are not the endpoints of the same diameter, because otherwise the circles drawn would have either merged or have an empty intersection.) Then draw two more intersecting circles on the surface of the ball centered at C and D. Let M and N be their intersection points. It is easy to see that all four points — A, M , N , B — lie on the same great circle, see Fig. 115. Remarks. 1) To draw the great circle on a sheet of paper, construct, for example, triangle 4AM B (or 4AM N , or Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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