60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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1 meet at point X 2 , also outside l. Then BX 2 intersects l at point C 4 which does not coincide with either C 1 , C 2 , or C 3 (since BC 4 does not coincide with either BC 1 or BC 3 ). Further on, AC 4 meets C 1 X 1 at X 3 and then BX 3 meets l at point C 5 distinct from C 1 , . . . , C 4 . Let us continue the same operation: if C k ∈ l is already plotted, lines AC k and C 1 X 1 meet at a point X k−1 distinct from X 1 , . . . , X k−2 and then BX k−1 intersects l at point C k+1 distinct from C 1 , . . . , C k . The process may go on ad infinitum and an infinite number of points from the set will appear on l (and we did not yet consider other intersection points of the lines!). Since the given set is a finite one, the contradiction proves that our assumption was wrong. Figure 107. (Sol. A12) SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 161 B) Let us start solution with heading (c). We will give two solutions related to different branches of geometry (see Remark below). First solution. Draw plane π which does not pass through point O and is not parallel to either of the straight lines l 1 , . . . , l n of the set (a “generic” plane). Denote n intersection points of these lines with π by A 1 , . . . , A n , respectively. Hereafter we will denote the plane containing the straight lines l i and l j by l i l j and denote the line through points A i and A j by A i A j . Now, we can prove that the set of points A 1 , . . . , A n ∈ π satisfies the condition of Part A) of the solution. Indeed, let A i A j and A k A p be two distinct straight lines. We can prove that they meet at one of the points A s of the set (generally, A s may coincide with either of the points A i , A j , A k , and A p ). To this end consider planes l i l j and l k l p . These planes intersect because they contain point O. Denote by l the straight line of their intersection. Let us prove that l is a straight line from our set. Indeed, denote a line from the set perpendicular to l i and l j (there is such a line by hypothesis) by L 1 and a line from the set perpendicular to l k and l p by L 2 . Then l is perpendicular to plane L 1 L 2 because both L 1 and L 2 are perpendicular to l. On the other hand, by the hypothesis a straight line perpendicular to plane L 1 L 2 must belong to the set l 1 , . . . , l n . Thus, l is a straight line from the set, Q.E.D. If l = l s , then point A s which belongs to l s must also belong to line A i A j (since l belongs to l i l j ) and to line A k A p (because l belongs to plane l k l p ). Thereby we have proved that lines A i A j and A k A p meet at point A s from the set. But then it follows from heading A) that n − 1 points of the set lie on the same line (let them be A 1 , . . . , A n−1 ) and the remaining point A n lies outside this line. Consequently, the lines l 1 , . . . , l n−1 lie on the same plane P while l n is outside it. How then is l n arranged relative to plane P ? We see that l n ⊥ P , since there is a line from the set perpendicular to the lines l 1 and l 2 , and l n is the only line from the set perpendicular to the plane l 1 l 2 . Finally, taking l n and an arbitrary line l i , l i ⊂ P , we deduce from the hypothesis that among the remaining lines of the set lying in plane P there exists a line l j perpendicular to both l i and l n . Hence, for each line L from the set, L ⊂ P , there exists a line M from the set such that M ⊂ P and M ⊥ L. Thus, all lines l 1 , . . . , l n ⊂ P can be divided into pairs of pair-wise perpendicular lines. Hence, n − 1 is even; thus, n is odd (n ≥ 3). But for any odd n the desired arrangement of the lines exists and can be uniquely described as the union of a line, l, with n − 1 lines lying in the plane perpendicular to l; moreover, the n − 1 lines consist of n − 1 2 pairs of mutually perpendicular lines. Therefore, the answers to (a) and (b) are: 99 straight lines can be drawn in the way required and 100 lines can not. Second solution. Let us prove that all straight lines save one lie on one plane. (The remaining part of this solution does not differ from the first solution). For n = 3 the statement is clear. For n > 3 it is impossible that all lines are pair-wise perpendicular. Take two non-perpendicular lines, x and y. Let their common perpendicular be the z-axis. Two more lines should lie in xy-plane: the common perpendiculars to the z-axis and the original lines. Let us prove that all other lines lie in xy-plane. Assume the contrary and among all lines select the one, l, forming the least angle with the z-axis. Of 4 lines lying on xy-plane, select one, m, not in plane zl and not perpendicular to zl-plane. Since lines m and l are not perpendicular, a line p lying on ml-plane and perpendicular to m also belongs to our set. It remains to observe that line p is the image of the orthogonal projection of the z-axis to ml-plane; hence, the angle between z and p is smaller than the angle between z and any other line lying in ml-plane. In particular, it is smaller than the angle between z and l. Contradiction. Q.E.D. Remark. Problems A) and B) are statements of the so-called “geometry of order” or “geometry of position” (another name is “descriptive geometry”) where the main idea is that of a “position between” (e.g. a segment is a set of points lying between two given points, etc.) and the idea of an “arrangement in a certain order”. The solution of A) and the first solution of B) are in the spirit of this geometry. The second solution uses the notion of distance (angle) and is related to the metric geometry. 13. To demonstrate that the total weight is equal to 800 g, let us prove that both straight lines pass through the center of the square. If the lines do not meet at the center, let us translate them parallelly so that they would. After this translation one of the pieces increases in weight and the opposite piece decreases and all four pieces become equal figures. Contradiction. 162 SOLUTIONS 14. This problem generalizes Problem 30.2.7.5. We will describe a generalization of the three-dimensional analogue of this problem (cf. Problem 30.2.10.4) at the end of the solution below. First of all, we outline the idea of the solution. Let us randomly distribute the searchlights over given points M 1 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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