60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
B
1 C 1 D 1 + S C 1 D 1 E 1 + S D 1 E 1 A 1 − S A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1 . (The same is true, of course, for the greater pentagon but we do not need this fact.) Thus, it is easy to see that the difference S − s is equal to the sum of five differences: S AA 1 B − S A 1 B 1 E 1 , etc. (see Fig. 119 b)) each of which is positive by Lemma. Q.E.D. 176 SOLUTIONS 57. To construct a counterexample, suppose that at the first step two units stand aside; hence, at the second step the number between them will also be a 1. Let us depict this as 1 1 1 Further, suppose that at 3-rd step under the lowest 1 two 2’s will be obtained and, therefore, at 4-th step we get 1 1 1 2 2 2 Such an arrangement can be obtained from the triangle 5 1 1 5 3 1 3 2 2 2 At the next step we can construct, e.g., the triangle 13 5 1 1 5 13 9 3 1 3 9 6 2 2 6 4 2 4 3 3 3 And so on. The method indicated makes it clear that it is always possible to obtain at the 2k-th step the number k under the initial 1. On the other hand, if at some moment all the numbers become equal, they remain equal to the same constant later, while our construction puts at the center the number k at the 2k-th step, i.e., the middle number grows monotonously. this is the counterexample desired. Another description of the same solution. Let the numbers in the first row be given by the formula a n = 2n 2 − 2n + 1 for n ∈ Z ; therefore, the first row is of the form . . . 25 13 5 1 1 5 13 25 . . . Make sure on your own that after the first step all the numbers remain integers and after the second one each number accrues by 1. This easily implies that (a) the numbers will always remain positive integers, (b) they will never become equal. 59. Note that the total number of distinct spheres is finite: there are finitely many given points and, therefore, there are finitely many various centers of mass of distinct subsets of our points. Therefore, we immediately deduce that after a while we have a cycle of spheres. A sphere will eventually get another number and then the spheres will start to be counted cyclicly. It remains to prove that the length of this cycle is equal to 1. Lemma. The function n P i=1 |x − x i | 2 in the k-dimensional space attains its minimum if and only if x is the center of mass of points x 1 , ..., x n . Proof. Indeed, let O be the center of mass of the points x i , i.e. n P i=1 ~x i = 0 (recall that the points are of equal mass). Then S = n X i=1 |x − x i | 2 = n X i=1 k X j=1 ³ x (j) Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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