60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
AQ = AC
n + 1 ; see Fig. 5. 8.2.7-8.4. Segments connect vertices A, B, C of 4ABC with respective points A 1 , B 1 , C 1 on the opposite sides of the triangle. Prove that the midpoints of segments AA 1 , BB 1 , CC 1 do not belong to one straight line. Grades 9 − 10 8.2.9-10.1. Solve in integers the equation xy + 3x − 5y = −3. 30 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 Figure 5. (Probl. 8.2.7-8.3) Figure 6. (Probl. 9.1.7-8.2) 8.2.9-10.2. The numbers a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n are equal to 1 or −1. Prove that 2 sin ³ a 1 + a 1 a 2 2 + a 1 a 2 a 3 4 + · · · + a 1 a 2 . . . a n 2 n−1 ´ π 4 = a 1 s 2 + a 2 r 2 + a 3 q 2 + · · · + a n √ 2. In particular, for a 1 = a 2 = · · · = a n = 1 we have 2 sin ³ 1 + 1 2 + 1 4 + · · · + 1 2 n−1 ´ π 4 = 2 cos π 2 n+1 = r 2 + q 2 + · · · + √ 2. 8.2.9-10.3. A circle rolls along a side of an equilateral triangle. The radius of the circle is equal to the height of the triangle. Prove that the measure of the arc intercepted by the sides of the triangle on this circle is equal to 60 ◦ at all times. Olympiad 9 (1946) Tour 9.1 Grades 7 − 8 9.1.7-8.1. What is the largest number of acute angles that a convex polygon can have? 9.1.7-8.2. Given points A, B, C on a line, equilateral triangles ABC 1 and BCA 1 constructed on seg- ments AB and BC, and midpoints M and N of AA 1 and CC 1 , respectively. Prove that 4BM N is equilateral. (We assume that B lies between A and C, and points A 1 and C 1 lie on the same side of line AB, see Fig. 6.) 9.1.7-8.3. Find a four-digit number such that the remainders after its division by 131 and 132 are 112 and 98, respectively. 9.1.7-8.4. Solve the system of equations: x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 6, x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 9, x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 3, x 4 + x 5 + x 6 = −3, x 5 + x 6 + x 7 = −9, x 6 + x 7 + x 8 = −6, x 7 + x 8 + x 1 = −2, x 8 + x 1 + x 2 = 2. 9.1.7-8.5. Prove that after completing the multiplication and collecting the terms (1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + · · · − x 99 + x 100 )(1 + x + x 2 + · · · + x 99 + x 100 ) has no monomials of odd degree. Grades 9 − 10 9.1.9-10.1. Given two intersecting planes α and β and a point A on the line of their intersection. Prove that of all lines belonging to α and passing through A the line which is perpendicular to the intersection line of α and β forms the greatest angle with β. OLYMPIAD 9 (1946) 31 9.1.9-10.2. Through a point M inside an angle a line is drawn. It cuts off this angle a triangle of the least possible area. Prove that M is the midpoint of the segment on this line that the angle intercepts. 9.1.9-10.3. Prove that n 2 + 3n + 5 is not divisible by 121 for any positive integer n. 9.1.9-10.4. Prove that for any positive integer n the following identity holds (2n)! n! = 2 n (2n − 1)!!. 9.1.9-10.5. Prove that if α and β are acute angles and α < β, then tan α α < tan β β . Tour 9.2 Grades 7 − 8 9.2.7-8.1. Two seventh graders and several eightth graders take part in a chess tournament. The two seventh graders together scored eight points. The scores of eightth graders are equal. How many eightth graders took part in the tournament? 9.2.7-8.2. Prove that for any integers x and y we have: x 5 + 3x 4 y − 5x 3 y 2 − 15x 2 y 3 + 4xy 4 + 12y 5 6= 33. 9.2.7-8.3. On the legs of ∠AOB, the segments OA and OB lie; OA > OB. Points M and N on lines OA and OB, respectively, are such that AM = BN = x. Find x for which the length of M N is minimal. 9.2.7-8.4. Towns A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A 30 lie on line M N . The distances between the consecutive towns are equal. Each of the towns is the point of origin of a straight highway. The highways are on the same side of M N and form the following angles with it: No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 60 ◦ 30 ◦ 15 ◦ 20 ◦ 155 ◦ 45 ◦ 10 ◦ 35 ◦ 140 ◦ 50 ◦ No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 125 ◦ 65 ◦ 85 ◦ 86 ◦ 80 ◦ 75 ◦ 78 ◦ 115 ◦ 95 ◦ 25 ◦ No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 ◦ 158 ◦ 30 ◦ 25 ◦ 5 ◦ 15 ◦ 160 ◦ 170 ◦ 20 ◦ 158 ◦ Thirty cars start simultaneously from these towns along the highway at the same constant speed. Each intersection has a gate. As soon as the first (in time, not in number) car passes the intersection the gate closes and blocks the way for all other cars approaching this intersection. Which cars will pass all intersections and which will be stopped? 9.2.7-8.5. A bus network is organized so that: 1) one can reach any stop from any other stop without changing buses; 2) every pair of routes has a single stop at which one can change buses; 3) each route has exactly three stops? How many bus routes are there? Grades 9 − 10 9.2.9-10.1. Ninth and tenth graders participated in a chess tournament. There were ten times as many tenth graders as ninth graders. The total score of tenth graders was 4.5 times that of the ninth graders. What was the ninth graders score? 9.2.9-10.2. Given the Fibonacci sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, . . . , ascertain whether among its first 100 000 001 terms there is a number that ends with four zeros. 9.2.9-10.3. On the sides P Q, QR, RP of 4P QR segments AB, CD, EF are drawn. Given a point S 0 inside triangle 4P QR, find the locus of points S for which the sum of the areas of triangles 4SAB, 4SCD and 4SEF is equal to the sum of the areas of triangles 4S 0 AB, 4S 0 CD, 4S 0 EF . Consider separately the case AB P Q = CD QR = EF RP . 9.2.9-10.4. A town has 57 bus routes. How many stops does each route have if it is known that 1) one can reach any stop from any other stop without changing buses; 2) for every pair of routes there is a single stop where one can change buses; 3) each route has three or more stops? 32 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 9.2.9-10.5. See Problem 9.2.7-8.4. Olympiad 10 (1947) Tour 10.1 Grades 7 − 8 10.1.7-8.1. Find the remainder after division of the polynomial x + x 3 + x 9 + x 27 + x 81 + x 243 by x − 1. 10.1.7-8.2. Prove that of 9 consecutive positive integers one that is relatively prime with the others can always be selected. 10.1.7-8.3. Find the coefficients of x 17 and x 18 after expansion and collecting the terms of (1+x 5 +x 7 ) 20 . 10.1.7-8.4. Given a convex pentagon ABCDE, prove that if an arbitrary point M inside the pentagon is connected by lines with all the pentagon’s vertices, then either one or three or five of these lines cross the sides of the pentagon opposite the vertices they pass. 10.1.7-8.5. Point O is the intersection point of the heights of an acute triangle 4ABC. Prove that the three circles which pass: a) through O, A, B, b) through O, B, C, and c) through O, C, A, are equal. (See Fig. 7.) Figure 7. (Probl. 10.1.7-8.5) Grades 9 − 10 10.1.9-10.1. Find the coefficient of x 2 after expansion and collecting the terms of the following expres- sion (there are k pairs of parentheses): ((. . . (((x − 2) 2 − 2) 2 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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