60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
Grade 9
41.9.1. Several points inside an n-gon are situated in such a way that inside any triangle formed by three vertices of the n-gon there lies at least one of the points. What is the least possible number of these points? 41.9.2. Is there a finite number of vectors a 1 − →, a 2 − →, . . . , a n − → on a plane such that for any pair of distinct vectors of this set there is another pair of vectors of the set whose sum is equal to that of the first pair? 41.9.3. See Problem 41.10.2 below. 41.9.4. In plane, consider several (finitely many) straight lines and points. Prove that there exists a point A on the plane, which does not coincide with any of the given points, and with distance to any given point greater than the distance to any of the given straight line. 41.9.5. There are 100 gossips in a town. Every gossip has 3 friends, also gossipy. A gossip learns some interesting news on the first of January and tells the news to his or her three friends. On the second of January the friends tell the news to every one of their friends, and so on. Is it possible that by the 5-th of March not all gossips have learned the news, but that all of them will have learned it by the 19-th of March? Grade 10 41.10.1. A white sphere has 12% of its area painted red. Prove that it is possible to inscribe a paral- lelepiped into the sphere so that all its vertices are white. 41.10.2. A square town has 6 streets: 4 streets are the sides of the square and two are its medians. A cop is chasing a robber in this town. If the cop and the robber arrive at the same street simultaneously, then the robber gives in. Prove that the cop can catch the robber if the cop’s top speed is a) 3 times that of the robber; b*) 2.1 times that. 41.10.3. See Problem 41.9.4. 41.10.4*. Prove that there exists a) a positive integer, b) an infinite set of positive integers n such that several consequtive last digits of 2 n in its decimal expression form the number n. 41.10.5*. Given 8 real numbers: a, b, c, d, e, f , g, h, prove that at least one of the six numbers ac + bd, ae + bf , ag + bh, ce + df , cg + dh, eg + f h is non-negative. Olympiad 42 (1979) Grade 7 42.7.1. On a plane point O is marked. Is it possible to place on the plane a) 5, b) 4 discs that do not cover O so that any ray originating in O intersects at least two discs? OLYMPIAD 42 (1979) 117 42.7.2. There are several weights with total mass of 1 kg. The weights are numbered 1, 2, 3, . . . . Prove that there is n such that the mass of the n-th weight is greater than 2 −n kg. 42.7.3. A square is cut into rectangles. Prove that the sum of areas of the discs circumscribed around the rectangles is not less than the area of the disc circumscribed around the square. (See Fig. 86.) Figure 86. (Probl. 42.7.3) 42.7.4. Kolya and Vitya play the following game on an infinite graph paper. Kolya begins and taking turns they mark nodes of the paper, one node each per move. Both must mark so that after a move all points marked would be the vertices of a convex polygon (beginning with Kolya’s second move). The player who cannot make such a move loses. Who wins if both play optimally? Grade 8 42.8.1. A point O is marked on a plane. Is it possible to place on the plane a) 7 discs, b) 6 discs, that do not cover point O, so that any ray beginning from O intersects at least three discs? (Cf.Problem 42.7.1). 42.8.2. See Problem 42.7.2. 42.8.3. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle with center O. Diagonals AC and BD are perpendicular. Prove that the length of perpendicular OH dropped from the center of the circle to side AD is equal to half the length of side BC. (See Fig. 87.) Figure 87. (Probl. 42.8.3) 42.8.4. See Problem 42.7.3. 42.8.5. k scientists — chemists and alchemists — take part in a conference on chemistry, There are more chemists than alchemists among the scientists. It is known that chemists always tell the truth, no matter what they are asked, and that alchemists sometimes tell the truth and sometimes do not (lie). A mathematician wants to know about every scientist whether the person in question is a chemist or al- chemist. The Rule allows the mathematician ask any scientist the question: “What is such and such: chemist or alchemist?” (referring to any scientist, including the one questioned). Prove that the mathematician can learn what (s)he wants to know in a) 4k questions; b) 2k − 2 questions. |
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