60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
the first 100 000 001 terms of the series there is a number ending with four zeros.
The organizers thought that the students would try to solve this problem by means of relatively simple considerations related to Dirichlet’s principle. But Balash approached the problem from quite a different HISTORICAL REMARKS 183 angle. He decided to give a full investigation, i.e., to indicate the numbers of all terms in the series, which end in four zeros. For this purpose, he conducted an arithmetic investigations which he failed (or had no time) to complete. Erik pointed out correctly that the first term ending in four zeros is the one numbered 7501 and found the law of recurrence of such terms further on. The solution was marked (±!) and Balash got the first prize although he did not even start to solve the remaining problems. • At the 8-th Olympiad. The organizers believed that the following Problem 8.2.7-8.4 was relatively easy. Vertices A, B, and C of triangle ABC are connected with points A 0 , B 0 , and C 0 lying on the opposite sides, but not in the vertices, see Fig. H2. Prove that the midpoints segments AA 0 , BB 0 , and CC 0 do not lie on the same straight line. Figure 2. (Sol. AH2) Indeed, the midpoints M , N , and P of the pointing out segments belong to the midlines DE, EF , and F D of ABC. Hence, the assertion required, since no line passing through the vertices of the triangle can cross all the sides in their inner points. The organizers believed the statement italicized is obvious. However, a participant, Yulik Dobrushin from the 8-th grade (now the world-famous mathematician, Roland Lvovich Dobrushin, Dr.Sc.), reached this stage in the solution and added: “For a long time I have tried to prove that a straight line cannot cross all three sides of a triangle at their inner points but failed to do so. I am horrified to realize that I do not know what a straight line is!” Dobrushin was crowned with the first prize for this frank recognition of his failure. The members of the organizing committee might have understood the meaning of Dobrushin’s phrase better than its author himself. The point is that in modern geometry the answer to the question what is a straight line is given only by listing the line’s properties among which the impossibility to cross all three sides of a triangle (or an equivalent property) is usually included. H.11. The rise and fall of the Olympiads. The main mathematical forces in the USSR had been concentrated at the “mekh-mat” of Moscow University and at the V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences until the 1960s. Later on many young mathematicians appeared also in other educational and research institutes 1 . They were very enthusiastic about preparing problems and holding olympiads: to preserve the spirit of science. Some institutions of higher education in bigger towns started to arrange their own olympiads and, in addition, the level of district olympiads was raised. It was decided that Moscow Olympiads should (1) be held by Moscow University jointly with MGPI (Moscow Federal Teachers Traning Institute) and the Moscow Institute of Railway Engineers (MIIT) 2 , and (2) have only one set for junior grades. The grades were divided among the Institutes. The Moscow University was to hold the olympiads for the 7-th and 10-th grades while MGPI took the 8-th graders and MIIT the 9-th graders. The olympiads for the 7-th grade has been conducted by the Department of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics of Moscow University since 1981 (and now it runs the olympiads also for 9-th graders). The organizing committee meets to discuss problems, to sum up an olympiad and, for other matters held jointly, at the Moscow University, as a rule. The review of the results and the awarding ceremony also took place there. The first set of the 37-th Olympiad (1974) was held only for pupils of grades 9 and 10 while at the 38-th to 40-th Olympiads it was provided only for 10-th graders. The results of the first set were taken into account in the general review and the participants who had solved the problems of the first set received a prize or a certificate of merit one degree higher than they would have been entitled to simply from the results of the second set. 1 Thanks to the state antisemitism: they were not admitted to the principal Universities. 2 This was done in 1975. 184 HISTORICAL REMARKS Starting with the 41-st Olympiad (1978), it was decided to hold only one (final) set for all school grades since the role of the first set was played by the district mathematical olympiads whose winners were allowed to participate in the final of the Moscow Olympiad. We will not dwell here on matters pertaining to the work of the organizing committee. Suffice it to say that the holding of an olympiad, publication of the collection of preparatory problems, compilation of a long list of new problems and selection of variants of the olympiad’s problems requires a tremendous effort whose magnitude the majority of the participants do not even approximately appreciate and which would have been impossible without enthusiasm of, mostly undergraduate, mathematics- major students and post-graduates and without help from the Moscow Mathematical Society and other organizations. When an olympiad is held, the working day of the organizing committee members may last from early morning till late at night. The papers are checked and rechecked several times and quite a few teenagers got their certificates due to attentive members of the organizing committee, who were not lazy to reread carefully the solutions to find the grain of rationality in them. The teachers and school pupils most often ask if a pupil who did not attend the circle has any chance to win an Olympiad? There is only one answer to this question: yes, of course one has. (But the point is that this question is a “wrong” one: we would like to teach to value mathematics, rather than the accompanying sports.) Among the winners there always were kids who had not been members of any mathematical circle. Many of the participants and winners of an Olympiad came to the circle on the subsequent academic year and then took part in Olympiads (or, sometimes, willingly refrained from participating; having made a choice between sport and science). Of course, the systematic studies in the circle, the mathematical culture and skills in solving mathematical problems acquired there came in very handy for participation in an Olympiad. While the circle involved several hundreds of Moscow teenagers in systematic work, the number of participants in a Moscow Olympiad was always considerably greater and was as high as several thousands. For example, in 1964 there were over 4000 participants, the 1966 Olympiad was attended by about 5000 boys and girls while in 1974 their number reached 6000(!). True, this figure decreased later but still the count was in thousands; a thousand school students came to the jubilee Olympiad in 1985. all rooms at the University were overcrowded in those years and some of the participants had to be placed in laboratories of the physical, chemical and biological departments. H.11. Tournament of towns. H.12. On relation of olympiad problems with the “big” mathematics. As for the olympiad problems, there are stringent requirements: the problems should be diverse in form and in ideas they are based on but their solution should not go beyond the limits of the existing school curriculum. Two in five or six problems are generally simple; algebraic and text problems alternate with geometric ones while their complexity usually grows as their number increases in the assignment list. Notice that the problems given at olympiads are non-standard. Their novelty and attractiveness can be explained to a great extent by the fact that they are inspired by fresh ideas of modern mathematics and every one of them is a small investigation opening up new horizons for the person who tries to solve it. Quite a few olympiad problems are related to “serious” mathematics. Here are some examples of such problems: Problem 9.2.7-8.4 came from crystallography and is related to growth of crystals. When crystals start to grow in a solution, a crystal stops growing if it comes up against another crystal (in the problem “a car finds itself in front of a road block”). Problems 9.2.7-8.5 and 9.2.9-10.5 are related to the theory of projective planes over finite fields. Problem 13.1.9-10.1 was taken from the “Imaginary Geometry”, the famous book by N. I. Lobachevsky, one of the discoverers of the non-Euclidean geometry and the one who described its theory. Problem 15.2.10.1 is associated with Lagrange’s problem in celestial mechanics. The concept of an “attracting” point and a “repulsing” point in the iteration method was reflected in Problem 20.2.10.2 (all equations of the problem have the same form “iterating”, so to say, the first equation). The solutions of Problems 21.1.10.5 and 31.2.7.5 use the concept of the world line in time and space. 26.2.8.1 is a problem on Young tableaux used in the representation theory of symmetric groups. 29.2.8.3 and 29.2.9-10.3 are typical problems of the information theory. Problem 30.2.10.1 is “the exchange transformation” from ergodic theory. 31.1.9.4 is the first problem in the coding theory (“the check for evenness” by Hamming); cf. also Problem 30.1.8.3. The question raised in Problem 47.10.2 is related to the one of the ways of tight packing of information in computer memory while Problems 45.7.1, 45.10.3 and 48.10.3 are indirectly connected with the theory of algorithms and computations. Problem 48.9.5 was taken from the note-books of one of the greatest mathematician, Leonard Euler, and is connected with the ideal theory. The fast speed of convergence to a fixed point (to Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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