60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
10 and 11 o’clock and waits for the other one for exactly 15 minutes. What is the probability of the meeting? The basic
geometric idea is that the probability depends on the area or volume of the figure formed in the space of the events by points corresponding to favorable events. The problem of constructing a triangle given three segments. (All kinds of varieties of the basic problem: a stick is randomly cut into three pieces; what is the probability that these pieces can form a triangle?) The Buffon problem on throwing a needle for experimental determination of π. Throwing a closed convex curve on a piece of paper ruled with parallel lines find the probability of the curve crossing a line. Barbier’s theorem on the length of curves of constant width (as a corollary of the above or of Buffon’s theorem). The “area” (measure) of a set of straight lines crossing a given arc. Crofton ’s theorem and basic ideas of integral geometry. Geometric Maximum and Minimum Problems The rectification method as applied to problems on inscribed polygons of minimum perimeter. (The typical problem is to find a point the sum of whose distances to the vertices of a triangle is minimal.) An isoperimetric problem for n-gons (n = 3, 4 and the general case). Polygons of the greatest perimeter inscribed into a circle; escribed polygons of the least perimeter. An isoperimetric problem for arbitrary lines. Steiner’s four-hinge method and its critique. The problem whether there exists a solution of the minimum or the maximum problem. Blaschke’s theorem on the existence of a converging subsequence of convex figures. Substantiation of Steiner’s method. Other examples of application of Blaschke’s theorem. Variational methods including the search for maximal and minimal figures. (The typical problem is to draw a straight line through a point inside an angle so as to cut off a triangle of the least area; solution of the problem using the method of geometric differentiation.) The section of algebra (Subtitled ”Generalization of the notion of the number”) Natural numbers (or, as they are more often called in science, positive integers) were the main building blocks for further constructions. A quotation from L. Kronecker: “Natural numbers were created by God; the rest was done by humans.” HISTORICAL REMARKS 181 The solvability of the equations x + a = b; subtraction. Generalization of the set of numbers in order to make subtraction always possible. The integers as material for sufficiently meaningful constructions; the theory of numbers. Examples of the number theory problems. The solvability of the linear equations ax + b = 0; rational numbers. The number as a result of measurement; the number axis. The possibility of using only rational numbers in problems concerning measurements of geometric and physical values. The solvability of quadratic equations. The insolvability of the quadratic equation x 2 − 2 = 0. The solvability of linear equations — the existence of points where the x-axis crosses the straight lines ax + b = y (with rational coefficients); the absence (within the given stock of numbers) of the crossing point of the x-axis with the parabola y = x 2 − 2. Quadratic radicals. The solvability of all quadratic equations with real roots (the existence of the crossing points of the x-axis with the parabolas y = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are numbers from the given stock). Construction of the point x = √ 2 (the diagonal of a unit square). Segments that can be constructed with a ruler and compass. The proof of insolvability of the problem on duplication of a cube — the parabola y = x 3 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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