60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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+ b j ∈ C(m) + C(n); using point a i we can find all the points a i 1 , . . . , a i m ∈ C(m) at distance 1 from a i and using point b j we can find all points b j 1 , . . . , b j n ∈ C(n) at distance 1 from b j . (We have to have all points b j + a i k distinct from any of the points a i + b j l .) Then the distance between any of the points b j + a i 1 , . . . , b j + a i m or any of the points a i + b j 1 , . . . , a i + b j n is equal to 1: |(b j + a i s ) − (b j + a i t )| = |a i s − a i t | = 1, |(a i + b j s ) − (a i + b j t )| = |b j t − b j s | = 1. But there is a total of |C(m)| · |C(n)| points in the set C(m) + C(n) (since there are that many pairs (a i , b j )) and our statement is proved. Therefore, we have |C(2)| = 3 (a triangle) and: |C(1000)| ≤ |C(2)| · |C(998)| ≤ |C(2)| 2 · |C(996)| ≤ |C(2)| 3 · |C(994)| ≤ . . . ≤ |C(2)| 500 = 3 500 < 2 1000 . Extension. For a 1000-configuration in space the same argument yields |C(3)| = 4 (a tetrahedron) and |C(1000)| ≤ |C(3)| 999 3 · |C(1)| = 4 333 · 2. 79. The problem is equivalent to rolling a regular pentagon ABCDE over its sides. Let us prove that prints of one point (not necessarily the vertex) eventually produce an everywhere dense set, i.e., in any disc of any radius there will be a print. First, we roll pentagon twice but so that its vertex A does not move. The point C will produce prints C ∗ and C ∗∗ . It is easy to see that C ∗∗ is made by C after rotation of the vector AC −→ through an angle of 2π − 2 3π 5 = 4π 5 . Denote the rotation through the angle of φ about A by R φ A . In these notations R 4π/5 A (C) = C ∗∗ . We can demonstrate that the superposition (successive performance) of the rotations R 4π/5 A and R −4π/5 B in any order amounts to the parallel translation by a vector whose length may be taken to be equal to 1. It is also easy to deduce that by rolling the pentagon one can produce both rotations through angles kπ 5 , k ∈ Z , and parallel translations by vectors with the angles between them equal also to an integer multiple of π 5 . Let us consider four such translations by vectors e 1 − →, e 2 − →, e 3 − →, e 4 − → with the angle between the neighboring vectors being π 5 . We see that the vector f 2 − → = e 1 − → + e 3 − → is collinear with e 2 − → and is of length 2 cos π 5 ; the vector f 3 − → = e 2 − → + e 4 − → is collinear with e 3 − → and is of the same length. Since 2 cos π 5 is an irrational number, the set of prints produced on the straight lines by f 2 − → and f 3 − → is everywhere dense on the plane, Q.E.D. Remark. The required statement can also be proved with the help of the following lemma: the square is the only regular polygon with all its vertices at the nodes of a square lattice. 80. Put all boxes into one large empty box. When we put n boxes into an empty box, the number of empty boxes increases by n − 1 and the number of filled ones by 1. So, if k+1 boxes are filled (k boxes by hypothesis and 1 box added at the beginning), then (k+1)(n−1)+1 boxes are empty. We have a total of (k + 1)(n − 1) + 1 + (k + 1) = (k + 1)n + 1 boxes and should remove the large box that we added. 81. By the condition x x − x y = y x − y y . Hence, (y x−y − 1)y y = x y (x x−y − 1), x y y y = y x−y − 1 x x−y − 1 . (∗) SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 181 Let x > y > 1. We have: x y > y y and y x−y − 1 < x x−y − 1 and, therefore, x y y y > 1 > y x−y − 1 x x−y − 1 . Contradiction with (∗). Consequently, x = y. 82. With the help of the formula for the product of sines the formula to be proved takes the form abc 6 p 2 cos α cos β cos γ − cos 2 α − cos β − cos 2 γ + 1. Let us prove the latter formula. Let us take the coordinate system so that the vertex O of tetrahedron OABC were at the origin, edge a along the Ox-axis, b on the plane Oxy; see Fig. 123. Figure 123. (Sol. A82) Then the coordinates of A and B are (a, 0, 0) and (b cos γ, b sin γ, 0), respectively, and coordinates (x, y, z) of point C can be found from the equations |~c| 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 ; (~a, ~c) = ax = ac cos β; (~b, ~c) = b cos γ · x + b sin γ · y = bc cos α implying x = c cos β; y 1 sin γ (c cos α − c cos β cos γ) z = p c 2 − x 2 − y 2 = c s 1 − cos 2 sβ − 1 sin 2 γ (cos 2 α − 2 cos α cos β cos γ + cos 2 β cos 2 γ). the volume of tetrahedron is equal to 1 6 ab sin γ · z = 1 6 abc q sin 2 γ − cos 2 β sin 2 γ − cos α +2 cos α cos β cos γ − cos 2 β cos 2 γ. Now, it remains to replace sin 2 γ with 1 − cos 2 γ and − cos 2 β sin 2 γ − cos 2 β cos 2 γ with − cos 2 β(sin 2 γ + cos 2 γ) = − cos 2 β. 83. a) Consider an arbitrary section of the body. It is a disc D 0 centered at O. Draw line l through O at a right angle to the plane of the disc. Then draw an arbitrary plane P through l. The section of the body by P is a disc and so a segment of l intercepted by this section — denote it AB — is the diameter of this disc. Indeed, let CD be the segment along which two mutually perpendicular sections intersect. Since AB meets CD at point O, the midpoint of CD, and AB ⊥ CD, we are done. Finally, drawing all possible sections of the body passing through l we see that all of them are discs with diameter AB. And since all these sections fill the entire body, the latter is a ball with diameter AB, Q.E.D. b) We do not know a solution elementary enough to fit in this book. 1 1 Well, actually, we do not know a non-elementary one either. 182 SOLUTIONS 84. 1 ◦ . Each key should be in ≥ 6 copies (otherwise in the absence of ≤ 5 keyholders the strongbox is impossible to open); 2 ◦ . For any 6 people there is a key which only these persons possess (to unable the others to open the strongbox); but this key, as any other one, is in ≥ 6 copies; hence, only these 6 persons are holders of this key. 85. Let the angle between hands of the clock be equal to α. For the clock to show some minutes past twelve the hour hand must form an angle of x with the ray passing from the center to 12 and so 0 < x < 360 ◦ 12 and the minute hand must form an angle of x + α on one side and 12x on the other side with the same ray. From the equation 12x = x + α we find: x = α 12 . 86. The following lemma can be directly verified. Lemma. If a, b, c, d are positive and a b < c d , then a b < a + c b + d < c d . Now, we have 0 < tan α 1 < tan α 2 < . . . < tan α n and so tan α 1 = sin α 1 sin α 2 < sin α 1 + sin α 2 cos α 1 + cos α 2 < sin α 2 cos α 2 = tan α 2 < tan α 3 = sin α 3 cos α 3 =⇒ sin α 1 + sin α 2 cos α 1 + cos α 2 < sin α 1 + sin α 2 + sin α 3 cos α 1 + cos α 2 + cos α 3 < tan α 3 < tan α 4 = sin α 4 cos α 4 =⇒ sin α 1 + sin α 2 + sin α 3 cos α 1 + cos α 2 + cos α 3 < sin α 1 + sin α 2 + sin α 3 + sin α 4 cos α 1 + cos α 2 + cos α 3 + cos α 4 < tan α 4 < tan α 5 , etc. We get what we want by applying Lemma n times. 87. Let S = x + y + z. Subtract 1 x from this equation. We get − y + z xS = y + z yz . Hence, y + z = 0 or xS = −yz. If we assume the contrary to the desired, then y + z 6= 0 and, therefore, xS = −yz. Similarly, we have yS = −xz, and zS = −yx. Dividing xS = −yz by yS = −xz we get x y = y x . In a similar way we get x z = z x , and y z = z y . By the hypothesis, y 6= −z 6= x 6= −y, so we conclude that x = y = z and S = 3x, xS = 3x 2 = −x 2 . Hence, x = 0 = y = z. But the denominators are nonzero. Contradiction. 88. Observe that 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 6 = 1 and so: 1 = 12 + 1 2 ³ 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 6 ´ = 12 + 1 2 · 2 + 1 2 · 3 + 1 2 · 6 for n = 4, 1 = 12 + 1 4 + 1 4 = 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 4 ³ 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 6 ´ = 12 + 1 4 + 1 4 · 2 + 1 4 · 3 + 1 4 · 6 for n = 5 1 = 12 + 1 4 + 1 8 + 1 8 = 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 8 + 1 8 · 2 + 1 8 · 3 + 1 8 · 6 for n = 6 and so on. Extension. Can all denominators be distinct odd numbers? It turns out they can for all odd n ≥ 9. Try to prove this on your own. Start with two examples: 1 = 13 + 1 5 + 1 7 + 1 9 + 1 11 + 1 15 + 1 35 + 1 45 + 1 231 for n = 9 1 = 13 + 1 5 + . . . + 1 231 = 1 3 + 1 5 + 1 7 + 1 9 + 1 11 + 1 15 + 1 35 + 1 45 + 1 5 · 77 + 1 9 · 77 + 1 45 · 77 for n = 11 Further on, at each step we replace the least of the fractions 1 3m (with m = 15 · 77 for n = 11) with the sum 1 5m + 1 9m + 1 4m by increasing the number of summands by 2 each time. 89. Let us place the table on an uneven floor first so that the tips A and C of its opposite legs are on the floor while the tips B and D are above the floor at the same distance from it (we will denote this distance by h > 0, ABCD being a square). Now, press on the table so that A and C puncture the floor and stop at a distance −h from it (i.e. at the distance h below the floor). Then B and D are on the floor. We can obtain the same position of the table by rotating it about the center through 90 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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