60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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(j) i ´ 2 = n X i=1 k X j=1 µ³ x (j) ´ 2 + ³ x (j) i ´ 2 − 2x (j) x (j) i ¶ . Since n P i=1 ~x i = 0, we deduce that n P i=1 x (j) i = 0; hence, k P j=1 n P i=1 x (j) i = 0 and S ≥ k P j=1 n P i=1 ³ x (j) i ´ 2 , where the equality occurs only in case x (1) = . . . = x (k) = 0, as required. Now, consider the function S(X) = X i: |XA i |≤1 ¡ 1 − |XA i | 2 ¢ , SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 177 where the summation runs over the points A i from our set lying inside the unit sphere centered at X. Let X 0 6= X be the center of mass of these points. Let us show that S(X 0 ) > S(X). Indeed, if under the shift of the center of the sphere from X to X 0 the content of points A i does not vary, the inequality follows from Lemma. Adding new points causes addition of new positive summands to S(X 0 ), while the elimination of old points causes deletion of negative summands. Therefore, a change of the content of points increases the value of S(X 0 ). Hence, the value of S(X) increases under each change of the center of mass; this eliminates cycles of length > 1. 64. Extension. Moreover, they(who??) can not be placed so that the squares of distances between the vertices were rational. First, let us prove that a triangle with vertices at nodes of the square lattice can not be equilateral. Assume the contrary; let there exist such a triangle and let a be the length of its side. Assume that the grid of the lattice is integer; then a 2 is an integer and the area of the triangle S = √ 3 4 a 2 is an irrational number. But the area of the triangle with vertices at nodes of the lattice is a multiple of 1 2 (see ....). Contradiction, Q.E.D. Let us return to the solution of the problem. Let such a position exists. By zooming the whole picture the common denominator of all distances (or of all squares of distances if we are solving the extension of the problem) times we make all distances into integers. Choose a coordinate system so that the coordinates of the vertices of the square were (c, 0), (0, c), (−c, 0), (0, −c); let (x, y) be one of the vertices of the triangle. Since the distances from (x, y) to both (c, 0) and (−c, 0) are integer, it follows that (x − c) 2 + y 2 and (x + c) 2 + y 2 are integers; hence, so is their difference, 4cx. Similarly, 4cy is an integer. Therefore, all vertices of the triangle should be situated at nodes of the square lattice with mesh of 1 4c . But we have already proved that this is impossible. Contradiction. 65. The routes are designed as follows: we shall always turn right on the boundary of the town; while inside the town we shall only do so at the marked turning points. Until no turning points are marked, the tentative route is divided into 2n − 3 rings (for n ≥ 2); namely, one route around the town along the penultimate roads, n−2 vertical and n−2 horizontal ovals, see Fig. 120 a). If 4 rings meet at an intersection, we will unite the rings into one ring by marking the intersection point (with a “Turn Right” poster). In this way, by marking the intersection with coordinates (2, 1) we will adjoin to the first ring two horizontal rings and a vertical one. Next, marking the intersection with coordinates (3, 3) we will adjoin to the previous route a horizontal ring and two vertical ones, etc. This method works if n − 2 is divisible by 3. In other cases we have to select several turning points and then proceed as above. The following turning points should be marked: Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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