A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education

2 History of National Curriculum writing assessments in England .................................. 8
 
Assessments in 1991-2012 ................................................................................................... 9
 
Assessments in 2013-2015 ................................................................................................. 10
 
Assessments in 2016-2018 ................................................................................................. 11
 
3 Review of international approaches ................................................................................. 14
 
3.1 Method ........................................................................................................................... 14
 
3.2 Findings.......................................................................................................................... 16
 
4 Other innovations ............................................................................................................... 21
 
4.1 Comparative Judgement ............................................................................................... 21
 
4.2 Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) .................................................................................... 22
 
5 General discussion ............................................................................................................. 23
 
5.1 Assessment purpose and construct .............................................................................. 24
 
5.2 Implications for assessment design .............................................................................. 25
 
5.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 31