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3 5 6
A P P E N D I X A
(c) Dancing with words: Strategies of learning pragmatics in Spanish (University
of Minnesota): Self-access learner modules for learning eight speech acts
http://www.carla.umn.edu/speechacts/sp_pragmatics/home.html
(d) Teaching pragmatics in the classroom (Indiana University): Pedagogical
model for teaching refusals in Spanish with teachers’ resource manual
and student handouts
http://www.indiana.edu/~discprag/teachrefusal.html
3 Research
(a) Speech act bibliography (University of Minnesota): Annotated
bibliography of L2 pragmatics research
http://www.carla.umn.edu/speechacts/bibliography/index.html
(b) Learner strategies in the development of pragmatic ability (University of
Minnesota): Research study about the impact of speech act strategy
instruction
http://www.carla.umn.edu/speechacts/research.html
(c) Politeness (Indiana University): Manuscripts related to politeness and
indirectness in Spanish
http://www.indiana.edu/~discprag/polite.html

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Appendix B: Pedagogical
resources in L2 pragmatics
NOTE. This list excludes the useful online resources listed in Appendix A.
Below are some of the professional articles which teacher readers are likely
to find resourceful because they contain specific and practical information
about how pragmatics can be taught.
Armstrong, S. (2008) Desperate housewives in an EFL classroom. Pragmatic
Matters, 9(1), 4 –7.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., Hartford, B. S., Mahan-Taylor, R., Morgan, M. J., and
Reynolds, D. W. (1991) Developing pragmatic awareness: Closing
conversation. ELT Journal, 45(1), 4 –15.
Billmyer, K. (1990) “I really like your lifestyle”: ESL learners learning how
to compliment. Penn Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 6(2),
31– 48.
Bouton, L. (1994a) Can NNS skill in interpreting implicature in American
English be improved through explicit instruction: A pilot study. In 
L. Bouton and Y. Kachru (eds), Pragmatics and language learning (Vol. 5,
88–109). Urbana, IL: Division of English as an International Language,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Boxer, D., and Pickering, L. (1995) Problems in the presentation of speech
acts in ELT materials: The case of complaints. ELT Journal, 49(1),
44 –58.
Crandall, E., and Basturkmen, H. (2004) Evaluating pragmatics-focused
materials. ELT Journal, 58(1), 38– 49.
Dunham, P. (1992) Using compliments in the ESL classroom: An analysis
of culture and gender. MinneTESOL Journal, 10, 75–85.

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